Public Health + Ethics

Question 1

What 4 areas of health can diabetes affect?

Answer 1

-Mortality
-Disability
-Co-morbidity
-Reduced QofL

Question 2

What does diabetes prevalence depend on?

Answer 2

-Primary, secondary + tertiary prevention

Question 3

Name 4 ways in which the impact of type 2 diabetes can be reduced

Answer 3

-Identifying those at risk
-Preventing diabetes (primary)
-Diagnosing earlier (secondary)
-Effective management + supporting self-management (tertiary)

Question 4

What are the 3 components of the obesogenic environment?

Answer 4

-Physical
-Economic
-Sociocultural

Question 5

Give some examples of the physical contributors to the obesogenic environment

Answer 5

-TV remote controls
-Lifts
-Car culture

Question 6

Give some examples of the economic contributors to the obesogenic environment

Answer 6

-Cheap TV watching
-Expensive fruit + veg

Question 7

Give some examples of the sociocultural contributors to the obesogenic environment

Answer 7

-Safety fears
-Family eating patterns

Question 8

What is the steep slope of the runaway weight gain train?

Answer 8

Obesogenic environment

Question 9

What are the ineffective brakes of the runaway weight gain train?

Answer 9

-Knowledge
-Prejudice
-Physiology

Question 10

What are the accelerators of the runaway weight gain train?

Answer 10

-Psychological impact
-Ineffective dieting
-Low socioeconomic status

Question 11

What are the 3 mechanisms that maintain overweight?

Answer 11

-Physical e.g. more weight=harder to exercise
-Psychological e.g. comfort eating
-Socioeconomic e.g. social mobility + reduced opportunities

Question 12

Name 5 currently available diabetes screening tests

Answer 12

-HbA1c
-Random capillary blood glucose (BG)
-Random venous BG
-Fasting venous BG
-Oral glucose tolerance test

Question 13

What are the 3 steps to diagnosing diabetes earlier?

Answer 13

-Raising awareness in community
-Raising awareness with health professionals
-Using clinical records to identify those at risk

Question 14

Name 6 ways in which we can support self-care for diabetes

Answer 14

-Self monitoring
-Diet-support to change eating patterns
-Exercise-support for increasing activity
-Drugs-support for taking meds
-Education-create expert patients
-Peer support-health champions

Question 15

What is the complexity theory?

Answer 15

Random chaos is also self-organizing; the integration of elements that are perceived to be chaotic actually have emergent properties that reorder themselves

Question 16

Name the 6 factors that contribute to the complexity theory in healthcare

Answer 16

-Connectivity + interdependence
-Co evolution
-Far from equilibrium
-History
-Feedback
-SElf-organisation

Question 17

What is Seedhouse’s grid + how many layers does it have?

Answer 17

Ethical grid with 4 layers

Question 18

What are the 4 areas in the centre of Seedhouse’s grid?

Answer 18

-Respect persons equality
-Create autonomy
-Serve needs first
-Respect autonomy

Question 19

What are the 4 components of the four quadrants approach?

Answer 19

-Medical indications-review diagnosis + Tx options
-Patient preference-patient’s values are integral
-Quality of life-objective of improving QofL
-Contextual features-wider context e.g. family, law etc

Question 20

What are conscientious objections?

Answer 20

Opposition and refusal by a healthcare professional to provide certain treatments, because the individual believes that helping to provide those treatments would violate personal core ethical tenets in a way that compromises his or her moral integrity