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BIO200 > Cheat Sheet > Flashcards

Cheat Sheet Flashcards

1
Q

Three factors that influence the climate

A

1.) Variation in light intensity2.) The angle/tilt of earth3.) Variation in local conditions

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2
Q

Variation in light intensity

A
  • Varies by latitude- Equator is warmest because sun’s rays are higher- Rains the most in the tropics becuase sun warms the air and warm air rises, spreads out to the North and South and cools into bands of rain- Air flows to 30 degrees, sinks and wams-Rising air=rain-Sinking air=deserts
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3
Q

The angle/tilt of earth

A

Gives us seasons

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4
Q

Variation in local conditions

A
  • More rain in S hemisphere becuase there are more oceans and lakes- Costal Mtns: wind picks up moisture over bodies of water- North slopes: less sunlight, more vegetation- South slopes: more sunlight, less vegetation, drier-Lake effect snow-Adiabatic cooling
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5
Q

Less predictable global effects on climate

A
  • El Nino- PDO
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6
Q

Biomes

A

Defined by temperature and rainfall-Tundra-Boreal Forest-Temperate deciduous woodland -Temperate grassland-Hot desert-Cold desert-Tropical evergreen forest

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7
Q

Tundra

A

-Low growing plants-Arctic: permafrost-Alpine: no permafrost

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8
Q

Boreal forest

A

-Long winter, short summer-Long days in summer-Evergreens are favored-Large plants

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9
Q

Temperate deciduous woodland

A
  • More diversity and rainfall than boreal- Where we live- Deciduous trees dominate
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10
Q

Temperate grassland

A
  • Drought in part of the year- Grasses adapted to grazing and fires
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11
Q

Hot desert

A
  • Less precipitation
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12
Q

Cold desert

A
  • Vegetation limited- No permafrost- More precipitation than tundra
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13
Q

Tropical evergreen forest

A
  • Rainforests- Nutrient poor soil - Epiphytes are common (plants that grow by cliinging to other plants)
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14
Q

Niche

A

The entire range of resources a species needs to survive

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15
Q

Joseph Connell

A

Barnacles (temporal partitioning)

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16
Q

Robert MacAurthur

A

Warblers (niche partitioning)

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17
Q

Species interactions

A
  • Competition- Predation-Symbiosis
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18
Q

Competition

A

When two or more similar organisms need same limited resource (-/-)

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19
Q

Predation

A

When one species consumes another (+/-)

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20
Q

Symbioses

A

A long-term interaction of 2 speciesParasitism (+/-)Mutualism (+/+)Commensalism (+,0)Ammensalism (-,0)

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21
Q

Why is competition hard to see?

A

It often happened in the past

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22
Q

The ghost of competition past

A

If competition happened in the past, you can study the relationships today

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23
Q

How to study competition

A
  • Experiments (1917 Sir Arthur George Tansley galium experiment)- Comparison of Allopatric and sympatric populations
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24
Q

Exploitation competition

A

One species lowers the resources of another

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25
Q

Interference Competition

A

One species prevents the other from gaining access to a resource

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26
Q

Interspecific

A

Different species

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27
Q

Intraspecific

A

Within the same species

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28
Q

Sympatric

A

Species living in close proximity

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29
Q

Allopatric

A

Species live apart

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30
Q

Temporal partitioning

A

Organisms born at different times of year will not be in competition

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31
Q

Intraspecific competition can lead to…

A

less interspecific competition

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32
Q

True predators

A

Kill immediately, usually consume all of prey

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33
Q

Parasitism

A

Do not (immediately) kill preyExamples: Giardia, mistletoe

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34
Q

Herbivores

A

Predatory: whole plant consumedParasitic: Part of plant consumed

35
Q

Detrivores

A

Eating things already dead/non-living (does not impact population sizes)

36
Q

Extinction via predation

A

Lab: Predatory protist and prey protist, predatory eliminates preyIRL: Klamath weed (invasive species), introduced chrysolina beetle which eliminated weed species

37
Q

Predators lower prey…

A

abundance

38
Q

Predators can restrict prey distribution

A

Where prediators limit the range of prey speciesExample: megapode

39
Q

Predator/prey cycling

A

showshoe hare and lynx (more lynx, less hares, next year less lynx, next year more hares, etc.)

40
Q

Methods of predator and prey coexistance

A
  • Refuges-Cycling-Predators at low abundance -Generalist predators
41
Q

Prey defenses

A

-Crypsis-Chemical defense-Armor-Behavioral defense-Predator satiation

42
Q

Crypsis

A

Cryptic coloration: camoflaugeObject mimicry: mimics something not edible

43
Q

Chemical defense

A

-Toxicity: most synthesize their own poison, nudibranchs steal poison from other organisms-Aposematic coloring: bright colors to indicate poison-Batsian mimicry: bright colors, no poison -Mullerian mimicry: bright colors, poison, also looks like another poison speciesexample: viceroy and monarch

44
Q

Armor

A

shells, spikes, etc. example: armadillos, porcupines clams

45
Q

Behavioral defense

A
  • Alarm calling- Distraction displays - Running- Herds
46
Q

Predator satiation

A

Timing reproduction so all young are produced in short period of time (higher % of survival)

47
Q

Types of hunting

A
  • Ambush- Stalking- Pursuit
48
Q

Coevolution

A

When a species evolves due to interactions with another species

49
Q

Parasitism (+/-)

A
  • Ectoparasites: outside organism- Endoparasites: inside organism can have complex life cycles
50
Q

Mutualism (+/+)

A

“Cleaner” fish and “customer fish”- Trophic (food/food)- Defensive (food/defense)- Dispersive (food/dispersal)

51
Q

Communities are formed from…

A

groups of species interactions

52
Q

Diversity

A

The combination of speies richness and evenness

53
Q

Species richness

A

of species present

54
Q

Evenness

A

relative abundance of species

55
Q

Species richness and area

A

One area can have more diversity or evenness than the other (even with the same # of species in each area)

56
Q

Species richness and habitat number

A

Species richness increases with the area of land surveyed (more habitats, more specialized and varied species)

57
Q

Latitudinal gradient in species diversity

A

Low lat- Near equatorHigh lat- Near poles

58
Q

Hypotheses on the gradient

A
  • Climate stability- More competition- More predation- Increased energy- Evolutionary time
59
Q

Climate stability hypotheses

A
  • More seasonality at higher latitude- Seasons are disturbances making it harder to survive- BUT tropics with variable rainfall have same species richness as tropics with stable rainfall
60
Q

More competition hypothesis

A
  • Low latitude: more resources- Tighter niche packing: smaller niches- More species, BUT they must be specialists for this to work
61
Q

More predation hypothesis

A
  • More species because there is more predation, which reduces competition and increases diversity (BUT very circular argument)
62
Q

Increased energy hypothesis

A

Ecological Hypothesis- Increased productivity (more plants (because of more sun)→ more herbivores→ more predators)-Overwintering tolerance (no winter related deaths)-Ambient energy (less need for regulating body temp against extreme temps, can use extra energy to reproduce)BUT this hypothesis doesn’t really answer the question at hand

63
Q

Evolutionary time

A

evolutionary hypothesis- Species in the tropics forced to respond to climate shift and were pushed into small tropical land? (eocene-miocene climate shift (temps become closer to what they are today))- The older more basal groups = more common in the tropics and newer more derived (evolved later) = more common towards the poles.

64
Q

Niche conservatism

A

Example: spruces are able to move furrther south in the past, climate changed (warmed)→ spruces rage decreased (went further up the mountains, conserved their niche) (dependent species followed)

65
Q

Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO)

A

Shift in surface temps in northern pacific (over 20-30 yrs) fluctuate between warm and cool phases (makes predicting climate more difficult)

66
Q

Miller + Urey

A

Wanted to recreate atomspheric conditions when life began

67
Q

Linnaeus

A

nomeclature

68
Q

Anaximander

A

new species come from existing species

69
Q

Hutton

A

founder of modern geology (earth is older than we think)

70
Q

Smith

A

Wealth of nations, competition keeps environment healthy

71
Q

Lamark

A

Giraffes

72
Q

Malthus

A

Population inc. faster than food supply=competition

73
Q

Cuvier

A

Catastrophism

74
Q

Lyell

A

Past is key to present, small changes

75
Q

Alfred Russel Wallace

A

Darwin partner

76
Q

Mendel

A

Peas

77
Q

Crick, Watson, Franklin

A

DNA

78
Q

Grants

A

Finches

79
Q

Precambrian

A

longest era

80
Q

Paleozoic

A
  • Trilobites- Archaeocyathids (sponges)- Carpet moss-Tiktaalik
81
Q

Cambrian

A

Cambrian explosionEnds w/ permian extinction(great dying, 90% species gone)

82
Q

Mesozoic

A

age of reptiles and mammals- Morganucodon wat. ends with K-T extinction (dinos)

83
Q

Cenozoic

A

current era

84
Q

Hadean

A

no water, air, life- stromatolites (unicell)- archea (viroids)

BIO200 (2 decks)

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