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Physics > particles and radiation > Flashcards

particles and radiation Flashcards

1
Q

what mediate electromagnetic force

A

virtual particles/ photon

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1
Q

carrier of weak nuclear force

A

w and z bosons

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2
Q

carrier of strong nuclear force

A

gluon/ pion

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3
Q

what is the range of the strong nuclear force

A

3fm / 3x10-15m

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4
Q

speed of light

A

3x10^8 m/s

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5
Q

what is conserved in pair production

A

energy
momentum
charge
lepton number
baryon number

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6
Q

give equations for annihilation

A

2mc^2=2hfmin

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7
Q

what happens in annihilation

A

a particle and its antiparticle collide
their mass is transformed into two high energy gamma photons

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8
Q

what is equal and opposite about the two photons created in annihilation

A

equal and opposite charge

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9
Q

through what process can gamma photon convert to an electron and positron

A

pair production

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10
Q

which constituent of the atom has the largest charge-to-mass ratio

A

electron

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11
Q

state a difference between a photon and an exchange particle of the weak nuclear force

A

photon rest mass=0 , w bozon rest mass >0
photon has infinite range, bosons have a finite range

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12
Q

whats the antiparticle of the electron

A

positron

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13
Q

what is the quark composition of k+

A

up
anti strange

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14
Q

what is the quark composition of k-

A

anti up
strange

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15
Q

what is the quark composition of k0

A

down
anti strange

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16
Q

which hadron has quark composition sss

A

omega

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17
Q

what are mesons made of

A

1 quark and 1 antiquark

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18
Q

are leptons fundamental

A

yes

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19
Q

which particle do all leptons decay to

A

electrons and neutrinos

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20
Q

whats a nuclide

A

type of nucleus with a set number of protons and neutrons

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21
Q

what is planks constant, h

A

6.63 x10 ^-34 J

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22
Q

frequency equation

A

f= wave speed/ wavelength

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23
Q

what is excitation

A

the process of an electron taking on exactly the right quantity of energy to move to a higher energy level

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24
Q

what is the ground state

A

the most stable energy level that an electron can exist in

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25
Q

what is ionisation

A

the process of an atom losing an orbital electron and becoming charged

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26
Q

what do kaons decay into

A

pions

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27
Q

what is a nucleon

A

a proton or neutron

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28
Q

what is stopping potential

A

the minimum potential difference required to stop the highest kinetic energy electrons from leaving the metal plate in the photoelectric effect

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29
Q

what are strange particles produced through and how do they decay

A

particles that are produced through the strong interaction
but decay through the weak interaction

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30
Q

what is the strong nuclear force

A

a force that acts between nucleons in a nucleus to keep it stable.
it is attractive at distances up to 3fm and repulsive at separations less than 0.5 fm

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31
Q

what is threshold frequency

A

the minimum frequency of photons required for photoelectrons to be emitted from the surface of a metal plate through the photoelectric effect
it is equal to the metal’s work function divided by Planck’s constant

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32
Q

what is work function

A

the minimum energy required to remove an electron from a metal’s surface
(by overcoming the metallic bond holding it in the metal)

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33
Q

what is the nucleon number

A

the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in a given nucleus
(A)

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34
Q

what is an energy level

A

defined and distinct energies at which electrons can exist in an atom. An electron cannot exist between energy levels

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35
Q

what is beta+ decay?
what particles are emitted?

A

a proton turning into a neutron
emitting a beta+ particle (positron) and a neutrino

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36
Q

what is beta- decay

A

the process of a neutron inside a nucleus turning into a proton, and emitting a beta-minus particle (an electron) and an antineutrino

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37
Q

are electromagnetic waves transverse or longitudinal

A

transverse

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38
Q

what phenomenon can be used to show that light behaves as a particle

A

the photoelectric effect

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39
Q

what is the photoelectric effect

A

when light above a particular frequency is shone on a metal, electrons are released, called photoelectrons

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40
Q

what equations is used to determine the energy of a photon

A

E = hf = hc/λ

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41
Q

why does a photon need to be of a minimum frequency to liberate an electron?

A

the energy of the photon is determined by its frequency, the photon’s energy must be greater than the work function (energy needed to break the bonds holding the electron) in order for an electron to be emitted

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42
Q

what happens when a photon has frequency higher than the threshold frequency

A

the electron will be liberated and the remaining energy is the kinetic energy of the electron

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43
Q

what is the effect of increasing light intensity

A

more photons incident on the metal each second
but as each photon carries the same amount of energy as before
it still does not contain enough energy to liberate an electron
so there will be no effect

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44
Q

what is he photoelectric equation

A

hf = ϕ +Ek(max)

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45
Q

what is an electron volt

A

the kinetic energy of an electron that has been accelerated from rest through a potential difference of 1V

46
Q

how do you convert eV to joules

A

1eV x 1.6 x10^-19 = 1J

47
Q

how do you convert joules to electron volt

A

1J / 1.6 x10^-19 = 1eV

48
Q

how does a fluorescent tube work

A

high voltage is applied across mercury vapour which will accelerate fast moving free electrons that colllide with mercury atoms.
mercury electrons are excited and then return to ground state which releases a UV photon.
the tubes phosphorus coating absorbs UV photons and as its electrons are excited, they cascade down the energy levels and emit visible light photons.

49
Q

what can be used as evidence for the discrete energy levels in atoms

A

Line emission and absorption spectra as the lines appear at discrete points which show where a light photon of specific frequency and wavelength has been absorbed or emitted, this shows electrons can only absorb an exact amount of energy to be excited to the next discrete energy level.

50
Q

What is wave particle duality?

A

All particles have both particle and wave properties, waves can have particle properties e.g. light acts as a particle in the photoelectric effect and as a wave when it is diffracted.

51
Q

What is the equation for de Broglie wavelength?

A

lamda = h/mv
Where mv is momentum.

52
Q
A
53
Q

What is a pion?
What is its quark structure?

A

a meson that consists of an up or down quark and an up or down antiquark

54
Q

What is a positron?

A

a particle of antimatter that is the antiparticle of the electron

55
Q

what is a muon?

A

a lepton which is negatively charged and has a greater rest mass than the electron

56
Q

does an electron or a muon have the greater rest mass?

A

muon

57
Q

what is a kaon?

A

a meson that consists of a strange quark or antiquark and another quark or antiquark

58
Q

how do leptons interact?

A

through the weak interaction

59
Q

what are free elctrons?

A

electrons in a conductor that move freely inside the metal because they are not attached to a particular atom

60
Q

what is the work function?

A

the energy required by an electron to overcome the metallic bond holding it in the metal

61
Q

what is an electron volt?

A

the kinetic energy of an electron that has been accelerated from rest through a potential difference of 1V

62
Q

what can scientists find out from isotopic data?

A

approximate age of archaeological finds made from dead organic matter (eg wood and bone)

63
Q

how do scientists use isotopic data to approximate the age of dead organic matter?

A

find the percentage of radioactive carbon-14 that’s left in the object. overtime the amount of carbon-14 in them decreases as it decays to stable elements. the percentage or carbon which is radioactive carbon 14 ( taken in from the atmosphere) is the same in most living things

64
Q

why must the strong nuclear force be attractive and stronger than the electromagnetic force?

A

to old the nucleus together

65
Q

which particle was proposed to account for missing energy in beta decay?

A

neutrino
(actually an antineutrino for beta minus decay)

66
Q

which part of the electromagnetic spectrum has the highest frequency?

A

gamma rays

67
Q

which part of the electromagnetic spectrum has the largest wavelength?

A

radio waves

68
Q

which part of the electromagnetic spectrum has the greatest energy?

A

gamma rays

69
Q

what is the same for a particle and its corresponding antiparticle?

A

mass and rest energy

70
Q

what is different for a particle and its corresponding antiparticle?

A

charge, its oppositew

71
Q

what is the mass and rest energy for neutrinos and antineutrinos?

A

zero

72
Q

who created a theory saying energy can turn into mass and vice versa?

A

Einstein

73
Q

what is E0 (little zero)

A

rest energy

74
Q

what is an application of annihilation?

A

PET scanner

75
Q

what are two classes of hadrons?

A

baryons and mesons

76
Q

what are two types of meson?

A

pion and kaon

77
Q

what is the only stable baryon?

A

proton

78
Q

what will all other baryons eventually decay into?

A

proton

79
Q

what will a muon decay into?

A

electron

80
Q

is a kaon a strange particle?

A

yes

81
Q

what are strange particles always created in?

A

pairs

82
Q

in what interaction is strangeness conserved?

A

strong interactions

83
Q

what can strangeness change by in weak interactions?

A

0, +1, -1

84
Q

particle physics relies on the
collaborative efforts of …

A

of large teams of scientists and
engineers to validate new knowledge

85
Q

what are 3 properties of quarks and antiquarks?

A

charge,
baryon number,
strangeness

86
Q

what is formed in neutron decay?

A

proton
electron
antineutrino

87
Q

what is beta decay caused by?

A

weak interaction

88
Q

what is the baryon number of an antineutrino?

A

B= 0

89
Q
A
90
Q

are mesons stable?

A

no

91
Q

what is pi0 the antiparticle of?

A

itself, pi0

92
Q

which mesons are heavier?

A

kaons

93
Q

which mesons are more unstable?

A

kaons

94
Q

what do kaons decay into?

A

pions

95
Q

what are pions the exchange particle of?

A

strong nuclear force

96
Q

what are cosmic rays?

A

high-energy particles from space that are constantly hitting earth

97
Q

what is evidence for
transitions between discrete energy levels in atoms?

A

line spectra (eg of atomic hydrogen)

98
Q

what are exchange particles also know as?

A

virtual particles

99
Q

what do virtual particles do?

A

exist for a short time where they transfer energy, momentum and other properties between interacting particles.

100
Q

what are the exchange particles of the electromagnetic force?

A

virtual photon

101
Q

what causes electrostatic repulsion between two protons?

A

the exchange of virtual photons

102
Q

what is the group name for exchange particles of the four fundamental forces?

A

gauge bosons

103
Q

what are the exchange particles of the strong nuclear force?

A

pions

104
Q

what particles are affected by the strong nuclear force?

A

hadrons only

105
Q

what property must particles have to be affected by the electromagnetic force?

A

must be charged

106
Q

what types of particles are affected by the weak nuclear force?

A

all types

107
Q

what are the exchange particles for the weak nuclear force?

A

W+, W- bosons

108
Q
A
109
Q

heavier exchange particles have a ________ range

A

shorter

110
Q

why does the electromagnetic force have infinite range?

A

because its gauge boson/exchange particle is the photon which has zero mass

111
Q

what can be said about the range of the weak force?

A

very short range

112
Q

what happens when two particles with equal charge get close to each other?

A

they repel with the exchange particle being a virtual photon

113
Q
A

Physics (9 decks)

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