Midterm Flashcards
In her article, Students’ Mindsets: Messages That Motivate, Carol Dweck argues that _______ serves as a key ingredient in success and achievement.
Mindset
Which of the following statements are true according to Carol Dweck in her article, Students’ Mindsets: Messages That
Motivate?
a. Students with a malleable belief in intelligence are more likely to take risks in learning, put more effort into learning and focus not so much on looking smart, but on challenges and learning something new.
Aronson and colleagues discovered from their experiments on mindset interventions in junior high and college-aged students that:
d. Female students taught the malleable (growth) mindset intervention closed the gender gap in math.
When Carol Dweck and her colleagues were working with mindset interventions and achievement motivation, they conducted an experiment, in which students completed an easier task and afterwards were given one of three different praises (intelligence, process, and no praise for ability or effort). Then all the students were engaged in a difficult task and they all did poorly. Finally the students were allowed to choose a task that made them look good or pick a task involving risk but could learn more. What did they discover?
Process praise, but not intelligence praise, allowed students to maintain their interest and commitment. The process praise group did better at the questions while also seeking out the more difficult problems.
In the Dweck experiment looking at mindset interventions, the independent variable in the experiment was:
Mindset education
Research by Deci and colleagues on the topic of human autonomy and intrinsic motivation found that:
Awareness and autonomy are essential for effective psychotherapy because those who are more aware are able to handle difficulties with an open mind without being defensive and able to better solve problems
In their research investigating intrinsic motivation and autonomy, Ryan & Deci (2000) posited basic and inherent psychological needs that must be satisfied in order for individuals to achieve psychological wellbeing. These needs
included:
competence, autonomy, and relatedness
In the classroom experiment investigating the effects of teacher support on student’s autonomous motivation, the main independent variable was:
Changed level of allowed autonomy in classrooms
The overall results of research by Deci and others on autonomous motivation in workplace settings showed that:
c. Employees reported greater job satisfaction, more positive attitudes and more trust in their company when managers gave them more autonomous support.
When assessing autonomy support in romantic partners and close friends, Deci and colleagues (2006) hypothesized that:
the healthiest and most satisfying close relationships would be ones in which each partner is autonomy supportive of the other
Cohen & Aronson review previous research conducted by Mischel & colleagues on what is now known as the “Marshmallow test”. These and similar studies conducted in young children focus on the topic of:
Self-Control
In defining Mindfulness, psychologists focus on:
a state of nonjudgemental focus on the present moment and one’s present experience. It is the opposite of being on autopilot.
Self-report measures of feelings, attitudes, and prejudices provide important data in social psychology. However, a limitation of the self report survey method is that participants may consciously alter their responses to appear socially desirable. The main method used in generating data on feelings, attitudes and prejudices that subjects may not be consciously aware of is:
Implicit Association Test (IAT)
Cohen & Aronson review studies by researchers investigating the neural mechanisms by which Loving Kindness Meditation (LKM) and similar methods affect behavior. One example was a study by Weng, et al. (2013) involving fMRI scanning in participants who had completed compassion training or a control condition. Their results revealed
that:
a. LKM increased activity in brain regions that help process suffering of others by mirroring their emotional reactions,
as well as in brain areas responsible for executive control.
In a comprehensive study comparing types of meditation techniques, Valk et al., (2017) trained their participants in three distinct forms of meditation: one resembling MM (mindfulness meditation), one resembling LKM (loving kindness) and one focusing on the perspective-taking (cognitive) aspect of empathy. What was the dependent variable in the study?
Structural and functional MRI changes
Cognitive dissonance is defined as a state of tension:
that occurs when a person simultaneously holds two cognitions that are psychologically inconsistent
Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) performed an experiment in which subjects were asked to lie to a “fellow student” for either $1 or $20. For subjects in the $1 condition, dissonance was created by the cognitions “I am an ethical person” and “I have told a lie.” Based on the results of this study, which of the following statements best expresses how subjects probably reduced this dissonance?
“I did not really tell a lie—what I said is quite true.”
Aronson argues that typically when dissonance arises, it is because we:
have done something that violates our view of ourselves
Aronson and his colleagues found that he was best able to convince students to use condoms regularly when:
they were reminded of their own failures to use condoms and they made a speech advocating condom use
Suppose you are responsible for planning the initiation of new members to a group to which you belong. Generalizing from Aronson and Mills’s study on the effects of initiation on liking the group, you would do well to make the initiation process:
difficult or unpleasant
