chapter 11-14 - Sheet1

Question 1

What is the primary focus of Passage 1?**

Answer 1

*A: Passage 1 focuses on providing an overview of the importance of nutrition.**

Question 2

2. Q: Name two macronutrients discussed in Passage 2.

Answer 2

2. A: Carbohydrates and proteins are discussed as macronutrients in Passage 2.

Question 3

3. Q: In Passage 3, why is the digestive process considered significant?

Answer 3

3. A: The digestive process is crucial as it breaks down food into absorbable nutrients for the body.

Question 4

4. Q: According to Passage 4, what are the factors influencing Total Daily Energy Expenditure (TDEE)?

Answer 4

4. A: TDEE is influenced by Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR), Physical Activity, and the Thermic Effect of Food, as mentioned in Passage 4.

Question 5

5. Q: What key aspect of nutrition does Passage 5 emphasize for athletes?

Answer 5

5. A: Passage 5 emphasizes the importance of adequate hydration for athletes.

Question 6

6. Q: How does Passage 2 define macronutrients?

Answer 6

6. A: Macronutrients, according to Passage 2, are nutrients required by the body in relatively large amounts, such as carbohydrates and proteins.

Question 7

7. Q: What is the recommended approach to pregame meals, according to Passage 5?

Answer 7

7. A: The pregame meal should include fluids and easily digestible carbohydrate-rich foods, providing 300 to 800 kcalories, ending 1 to 4 hours before competition.

Question 8

8. Q: In Passage 3, what role does the digestive process play in nutrient absorption?

Answer 8

8. A: The digestive process breaks down food into absorbable nutrients, facilitating their absorption in the body.

Question 9

9. Q: According to Passage 4, what is the Thermic Effect of Food?

Answer 9

9. A: The Thermic Effect of Food, mentioned in Passage 4, refers to the energy required for digestion, absorption, and metabolism of nutrients.

Question 10

10. Q: Why does Passage 5 mention the significance of maintaining glycogen stores?

Answer 10

10. A: Passage 5 states that full glycogen stores are critical for athletes and highly active individuals.

Question 11

11. Q: Name one potentially harmful effect of caffeine, as discussed in Passage 5.

Answer 11

11. A: Passage 5 mentions that excessive caffeine intake can lead to adverse effects such as stomach upset, nervousness, irritability, headaches, and diarrhea.

Question 12

12. Q: What is the primary message regarding dietary supplements in Passage 5?

Answer 12

12. A: Passage 5 emphasizes that athletes should be cautious with dietary supplements, as many lack scientific support and may even pose health risks.

Question 13

13. Q: According to Passage 3, what is the role of enzymes in digestion?

Answer 13

13. A: Passage 3 highlights that enzymes facilitate the breakdown of complex molecules during digestion.

Question 14

14. Q: How does Passage 2 differentiate between carbohydrates and proteins?

Answer 14

14. A: Passage 2 distinguishes carbohydrates as a primary source of energy and proteins as essential for growth, maintenance, and repair.

Question 15

15. Q: What is the recommended timing for the pregame meal, as mentioned in Passage 5?

Answer 15

15. A: Passage 5 suggests the pregame meal should end 1 to 4 hours before competition to allow for proper digestion.

Question 16

16. Q: Why is nutrient density emphasized in Passage 5?

Answer 16

16. A: Nutrient-dense foods, as discussed in Passage 5, provide essential vitamins and minerals in proportion to the energy they offer.

Question 17

17. Q: According to Passage 4, what role does physical activity play in Total Daily Energy Expenditure?

Answer 17

17. A: Physical activity contributes significantly to Total Daily Energy Expenditure, as outlined in Passage 4.

Question 18

18. Q: In Passage 5, what are the potential drawbacks of overhydration for athletes?

Answer 18

18. A: Overhydration can lead to hyponatremia, as mentioned in Passage 5.

Question 19

19. Q: What is the primary focus of Passage 4?

Answer 19

19. A: Passage 4 discusses the factors influencing Total Daily Energy Expenditure (TDEE) and the concept of energy balance.

Question 20

20. Q: According to Passage 5, what are the key considerations for pregame meals?

Answer 20

20. A: Pregame meals, as per Passage 5, should include plenty of fluids, be light and easily digestible, and primarily consist of carbohydrate-rich foods.

Question 21

21. describe the process of nutrient absorption?**

Answer 21

21. A: Passage 3 describes nutrient absorption as the uptake of digested nutrients by cells, making them available for various physiological functions.

Question 22

22. Q: What role does glycogen play in athletic performance, according to Passage 5?

Answer 22

22. A: Passage 5 emphasizes that full glycogen stores are critical for athletes to support high-intensity activities.

Question 23

23. Q: According to Passage 2, why are micronutrients essential for the body?

Answer 23

*A: Passage 2 notes that micronutrients areessential for various physiological processes, supporting overall health.**

Question 24

24. Q: What is the primary concern mentioned in Passage 5 regarding dietary supplements?

Answer 24

24. A: Passage 5 expresses concern that some supplements may be contaminated with illegal substances, posing health risks to athletes.

Question 25

25. Q: In Passage 4, how does Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) contribute to Total Daily Energy Expenditure?

Answer 25

25. A: BMR, discussed in Passage 4, represents the energy expended at rest and contributes significantly to Total Daily Energy Expenditure.

Question 26

What is the primary function of iron in the body?

Answer 26

Serves as a component of hemoglobin for oxygen transport.

Question 27

What are the symptoms of iron deficiency anemia?

Answer 27

Fatigue, weakness, and pallor.

Question 28

Why do vegetarians need more iron in their diet compared to non-vegetarians?

Answer 28

Lower bioavailability of iron in plant-based diets.

Question 29

What is the role of vitamin C in iron absorption?

Answer 29

Converts insoluble ferric iron to the more soluble ferrous iron, enhancing absorption.

Question 30

How does iron contamination occur from nonfood sources?

Answer 30

Cooking in iron cookware, influenced by acidity and cooking time.

Question 31

What are the potential symptoms of iron toxicity?

Answer 31

GI distress, constipation, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.

Question 32

Why is iron supplementation a common cause of accidental poisoning in young children?

Answer 32

Ingestion of supplements leading to symptoms like nausea, vomiting, and potential death.

Question 33

How does iron fortification contribute to reducing iron deficiency?

Answer 33

Effectively reduces iron deficiency despite being nonheme iron.

Question 34

How can individuals maximize zinc absorption from the diet?

Answer 34

Consuming foods high in zinc, such as shellfish, meats, poultry, milk, and cheese.

Question 35

What are the roles of zinc in the body?

Answer 35

Supports metabolic reactions, immune function, cell membranes, DNA, growth, development, hormones, and enzymes.

Question 36

How does iodine deficiency impact thyroid hormone production?

Answer 36

Leads to diminished production, causing goiter (enlarged thyroid gland).

Question 37

What are some functions of thyroid hormones regulated by iodine?

Answer 37

Body temperature, metabolic rate, reproduction, growth, blood cell production, nerve and muscle function, and oxygen use in cells.

Question 38

What can happen in the case of chronic zinc deficiency?

Answer 38

Damage to central nervous system, impaired motor development and cognitive performance, disturbed thyroid function, altered taste, loss of appetite, and slow wound healing.

Question 39

What is the UL for zinc intake, and what potential issue does it address?

Answer 39

40 milligrams in adults, addressing potential interference with copper metabolism, which can lead to heart muscle degeneration in animals.

Question 40

How can zinc lozenges potentially affect the duration of common cold symptoms?

Answer 40

May shorten the duration (not severity) of symptoms, depending on formulation and high doses taken within 24 hours of symptom onset.

Question 41

What are the two major stages critical in the development of osteoporosis?

Answer 41

The bone-acquiring stage of childhood and adolescence and the bone-losing decades of late adulthood, especially in women after menopause.

Question 42

How does bone loss exceed bone formation as people age?

Answer 42

The cells that build bone become less active, while those that dismantle bone continue working.

Question 43

What is the significance of maximizing bone mass during the first three decades of life?

Answer 43

It helps curtail bone loss in later years, giving an advantage to those with denser bones formed during their youth.

Question 44

Why is dietary calcium crucial for bone health in youth?

Answer 44

Calcium builds strong bones, and inadequate intake leads the body to depend on bone, causing bone loss.

Question 45

How do hormones like estrogen and testosterone influence bone and calcium metabolism?

Answer 45

Changes in these hormones with age accelerate bone loss, contributing to inefficient bone remodeling.

Question 46

What role do sex hormones play in osteoporosis, and why do women generally face greater losses than men?

Answer 46

Sex hormones regulate bone turnover, and women experience rapid bone losses, especially after menopause due to diminished estrogen.

Question 47

How does physical activity support bone growth during adolescence?

Answer 47

Active adolescents develop stronger bones, as muscle and bone strength are interconnected.

Question 48

Why is weight training recommended for maintaining bone density in adults, even past menopause?

Answer 48

It improves bone density, countering the common trend of bone loss in women during this period.

Question 49

What are the effects of smoking on bone density, and can they be reversed?

Answer 49

Smokers have less dense bones, but quitting smoking can lead to recovery in bone density over time.

Question 50

How does alcohol contribute to osteoporosis?

Answer 50

Excessive alcohol intake leads to fluid excretion, hormonal imbalance, slowed bone formation, increased bone breakdown, and a higher risk of falling.

Question 51

What role does genetics play in osteoporosis, and how can outside factors influence its impact?

Answer 51

Genetics influence peak bone mass and later bone loss, with diet and physical activity maximizing potential and factors like alcohol accelerating losses.

Question 52

Why is an adequate calcium intake alone insufficient for protecting against bone fractures in older adults?

Answer 52

Bone strength later in life primarily depends on how well bones were built during childhood and adolescence.

Question 53

What nutrients, besides calcium, support bone health?

Answer 53

Adequate protein, vitamin D, vitamin K, vitamin C, magnesium, potassium, vitamin A, carotenoids, and omega-3 fatty acids contribute to bone health.

Question 54

How does a well-balanced diet impact bone health, and what dietary elements are associated with bone losses?

Answer 54

A well-balanced diet, rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, supports bone health, while excessive salt, sodas, and certain foods are associated with bone losses.

Question 55

What is emphasized regarding the use of calcium supplements for bone health?

Answer 55

While calcium from foods is preferable, supplements may help if dietary intake is insufficient, but caution is advised due to potential risks, and consulting a healthcare professional is recommended.

Question 56

What factors should be considered when selecting a calcium supplement?

Answer 56

Calcium content, type of supplement (carbonate, citrate, etc.), absorption rate, and the timing of intake, considering interactions with other nutrients.

Question 57

Why are risk factors like age, gender, and genetics beyond a person’s control, and what prevention strategies are effective?

Answer 57

These factors are inherent, but ensuring optimal peak bone mass during youth, maintaining healthy habits, and consulting with a physician for tests and appropriate interventions can minimize bone loss.

Question 58

Define the two subgroups of the vitamin E family and their respective members.

Answer 58

e two subgroups are tocopherols and tocotrienols, each with four members (alpha, beta, gamma, and delta). Tocopherols have a saturated side chain, while tocotrienols have an unsaturated side chain.

Question 59

Why is alpha-tocopherol the only member of the vitamin E family maintained in the body for meeting its needs?

Answer 59

Alpha-tocopherol is the only member maintained because others are not converted to it in the body, nor are they recognized by its transport protein.

Question 60

What role does vitamin E play in preventing erythrocyte hemolysis, and in what condition is this deficiency observed?

Answer 60

Vitamin E prevents erythrocyte hemolysis by protecting polyunsaturated fatty acids in red blood cell membranes. Deficiency is observed in conditions of fat malabsorption, such as cystic fibrosis.

Question 61

Aside from cancer prevention, name other health conditions tocotrienols may protect against according to recent studies.

Answer 61

Tocotrienols may also protect against osteoporosis, diabetes, heart disease, and neurological disorders.

Question 62

What is the primary role of vitamin E in the body, and why has most research focused on alpha-tocopherol?

Answer 62

Vitamin E acts as an antioxidant. Most research has focused on alpha-tocopherol, as it is the form maintained in the body and recognized in the transport protein.

Question 63

Explain the potential risk associated with extremely high doses of vitamin E supplementation.

Answer 63

Extremely high doses may interfere with the blood-clotting action of vitamin K and enhance the effects of anti-blood clotting drugs, leading to hemorrhage.

Question 64

Where is vitamin E found in foods, and why is fresh food preferable as a source?

Answer 64

Vitamin E is found in vegetable oils, margarine, salad dressings, and wheat germ oil. Fresh foods are preferable because vitamin E is readily destroyed by heat and oxidation.

Question 65

Why is vitamin E intake influenced by the consumption of polyunsaturated fatty acids?

Answer 65

A person consuming large quantities of polyunsaturated fatty acids needs more vitamin E. Fortunately, vitamin E and polyunsaturated fatty acids often occur together in the same foods.

Question 66

Explain why vitamin K is named after the Danish word “koagulation.”

Answer 66

Vitamin K is named after “koagulation” because its primary action is blood clotting, a process crucial for maintaining life.

Question 67

Describe the role of vitamin K in blood clotting and its association with proteins like prothrombin.

Answer 67

Vitamin K is essential for activating proteins like prothrombin, which is a precursor of thrombin in blood clotting. Lack of these clotting factors can lead to hemorrhagic disease.

Question 68

In what circumstances does a secondary deficiency of vitamin K occur, and how can it lead to excessive bleeding?

Answer 68

A secondary deficiency occurs when fat absorption falters, reducing vitamin K absorption. Excessive bleeding happens due to the lack of vitamin K’s role in blood clotting.

Question 69

What unique challenge do newborn infants face regarding vitamin K, and how is it addressed?

Answer 69

Newborn infants have a sterile intestinal tract, and vitamin K–producing bacteria take weeks to establish. To prevent hemorrhagic disease, a single dose of vitamin K is given at birth by intramuscular injection.

Question 70

Why hasn’t a UL (Tolerable Upper Intake Level) been established for vitamin K, and what risk is associated with high vitamin K intake for those on anticoagulant drugs?

Answer 70

A UL hasn’t been established due to the rarity of toxicity. High vitamin K intake may interfere with anticoagulant drugs, potentially causing irregular blood clotting.

Question 71

What are dietary sources of vitamin K, and what is the primary form found in foods?

Answer 71

Dietary sources include leafy green vegetables, fruits like avocado and kiwi, and some vegetable oils like soybean oil. Phylloquinone (vitamin K1) is the primary form found in foods.

Question 72

How does vitamin K contribute to bone health, and what is inconclusive about vitamin K supplements in this regard?

Answer 72

Vitamin K helps synthesize bone proteins, particularly osteocalcin. Vitamin K supplements’ effectiveness in bone health is inconclusive, as research results are mixed.

Question 73

Define free radicals and explain their role in the body’s metabolic reactions.

Answer 73

Free radicals are highly reactive molecules with unpaired electrons. They are produced in the body’s metabolic reactions, particularly when oxygen reacts with compounds.

Question 74

Describe the chain reaction initiated by free radicals and how antioxidants intervene in this process.

Answer 74

Free radicals initiate a chain reaction by stealing electrons from stable compounds. Antioxidants intervene by donating their electrons, breaking the chain and neutralizing free radicals.

Question 75

What are the potential outcomes of free-radical attacks on the body, and why is controlling them essential?

Answer 75

Free-radical attacks can damage fatty acids, alter DNA, RNA, and proteins, and contribute to inflammation, diseases, and aging. Controlling them is essential as unrepaired damage accumulates.

Question 76

How do antioxidants, including vitamins and phytochemicals, defend the body against oxidative stress?

Answer 76

Antioxidants defend against oxidative stress by limiting free-radical formation, destroying free radicals, stimulating antioxidant enzyme activity, repairing oxidative damage, stimulating repair enzyme activity, and supporting a healthy immune system.

Question 77

Explain the body’s lines of defense against free-radical damage, involving enzymes and antioxidant vitamins.

Answer 77

Enzymes dependent on minerals (selenium, copper, manganese, zinc) disarm harmful oxidants. Antioxidant vitamins (E, beta-carotene, C) play roles in stopping free-radical chain reactions and protecting various tissues.

Question 78

Discuss the link between oxidative stress, antioxidants, and diseases such as cancer, arthritis, cataracts, diabetes, hypertension, and heart disease.

Answer 78

Oxidative stress may contribute to diseases, and antioxidants may offer protection. Associations exist between oxidative stress and conditions like cancer, arthritis, cataracts, diabetes, hypertension, and heart disease.

Question 79

Examine the potential protective effects of specific antioxidant vitamins against cancer and heart disease.

Answer 79

Vitamin C and E may reduce cancer risks by protecting DNA. Evidence suggests correlations between vitamin-rich diets and lower heart disease rates. However, the benefits of supplements are uncertain, and dietary patterns are emphasized.

Question 80

Discuss the importance of obtaining antioxidants from foods compared to supplements, and highlight potential risks associated with supplement use.

Answer 80

Foods offer a variety of antioxidants and nutrients. Dietary strategies, including a balanced diet, are effective in preventing diseases. Risks associated with supplement use, including potential harm at pharmacological doses, underscore the importance of obtaining antioxidants from foods.

Question 81

When do symptoms of vitamin A toxicity begin to develop?

Answer 81

Symptoms of vitamin A toxicity develop when all binding proteins are loaded, and vitamin A is free to damage cells.

Question 82

Question: Why are children more vulnerable to vitamin A toxicity?

Answer 82

Answer: Children are more vulnerable due to needing less vitamin A and being more sensitive to overdoses.

Question 83

Question: What Upper Level (UL) has been set for adults, and to which form of vitamin A does it apply?

Answer 83

Answer: The Upper Level (UL) for adults is 3000 micrograms, and it applies only to preformed vitamin A.

Question 84

Question: What are the major roles of vitamin A in the body?

Answer 84

Vitamin A regulates the expression of several hundred genes and plays key roles in promoting vision, participating in protein synthesis, cell differentiation, supporting reproduction, and regulating growth.

Question 85

Question: How does retinoic acid differ from other forms of vitamin A in terms of its functions?

Answer 85

Answer: Retinoic acid acts as a hormone, regulating cell differentiation, growth, and embryonic development. It differs from other forms in its irreversible conversion and specific function

Question 86

What indispensable roles does vitamin A play in the eye?

Answer 86

Vitamin A helps maintain the cornea and participates in the conversion of light energy into nerve impulses at the retina.

Question 87

Question: Where in the body is the majority of vitamin A found, and what functions does it serve in those areas?

Answer 87

Answer: The majority of vitamin A is found in the cells lining the body’s surfaces, particularly in epithelial tissues. It participates in protein synthesis, cell differentiation, and helps protect against damage.

Question 88

What dual roles does beta-carotene play in the body?

Answer 88

Beta-carotene serves as a vitamin A precursor and acts as an antioxidant capable of protecting the body against disease.

Question 89

How is vitamin A content expressed in foods, and what is the significance of retinol activity equivalents (RAE)?

Answer 89

Vitamin A content is expressed as retinol activity equivalents (RAE), acknowledging the less efficient absorption and conversion of beta-carotene compared to retinoids.

Question 90

Question: What are the rich sources of retinoids, and how can individuals ensure a sufficient intake of vitamin A from carotenoids?

Answer 90

Answer: Foods derived from animals, such as liver, fish liver oils, milk, and eggs, are rich sources of retinoids. Carotenoids, the precursors found in plants, are abundant in dark leafy greens and deep yellow or orange vegetables and fruits. A diet including these sources helps ensure a sufficient intake of vitamin A.