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AP Biology > Evolution > Flashcards

Evolution Flashcards

1
Q

Evolution is…

A

Process by which populations have changed over time in response to changing environment

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2
Q

The parameters for natural selection are…

A
  1. diversity based on inheritable traits
  2. exhibit reproductive potential
  3. live in environments with limited resources
  4. competition for limited resources
  5. takes time (generations)
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3
Q

Natural selection is…

A

Mechanism for evolution, nature selects for the most advantageous traits (greater reproductive success in an environment)

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4
Q

Descent with modification is…

A

all organisms are related through a common ancestor - developed modifications for changing environments

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5
Q

Sexual Dimorphism

A

differences in phenotype between males & females of the same species

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6
Q

Genetic drift

A

changes in frequencies due to chance - either bottleneck effect or founder effect

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7
Q

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

A

when a pop is not evolving and the gene pool is at equilibrium (opposite of conditions for evolution)

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8
Q

Evolution caused by:

A

mutations, non-random mating, gene flow, genetic drift, natural selection

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9
Q

Directional Selection

A

One of the extreme phenotypes is favored (selection against other extreme)

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10
Q

Stabilizing Selection

A

Intermediate phenotype is favored (selection against extremes)

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11
Q

Speciation

A

When two populations of the same species remain isolated from each other and eventually change enough so that they cannot produce viable fertile offspring (no longer the same species)

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12
Q

Biodiversity

A

function of speciation and extinction

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13
Q

Morphological Homologies

A

Similar in structure and form

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14
Q

Vestigial Structure

A

Inherited from an ancestor, but now less complex & functional

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15
Q

Molecular Homologies

A

Similarities between species on a molecular level

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16
Q

The five prezygotic barriers

A
  1. Temporal Isolation (different seasons/times of day)
  2. Habitat Isolation (live in different habitats)
  3. Behavioral Isolation (no sexual attraction)
  4. Mechanical Isolation (anatomical incompatibility)
  5. Gametic Isolation ( Gametes of different species fail to fuse)
17
Q

Prezygotic Barriers

A

Prevent mating/ fusing of gametes (fertilization)

18
Q

Postzygotic Barriers

A

prevent the development of fertile adults
either
low hybrid viability (failure to survive embryonic development/ cannot survive to maturity)
or
hybrid infertility (offspring fail to produce fertile gametes, therefore sterile)

19
Q

allopatric speciation

A

physical/ geographic separation

20
Q

sympatric speciation

A

If there is a reproductive barrier between mutations and the parent population, a new species can be formed within a generation (Typically in plants)

21
Q

Adaptive Radiation

A

emergence of numerous species from a single ancestral species to fill underutilized niches

22
Q

Divergent Evolution

A

Different species evolve from a common ancestor and diverge as a result of environmental pressures

23
Q

Convergent Evolution

A

Similarities between species come from similar environmental pressures

24
Q

Punctuated Equilibrium

A

Very short rapid periods of change followed by long periods of stability

25
Q

Gradualism

A

Evolution where changes are gradual and small

26
Q

Analogous Structures

A

Same function but is anatomically different (not the result of a common ancestor) - CONVERGENT EVOLUTION

27
Q

Protocells

A

phospholipids spontaneously formed cell-like bubbles in the early oceans (early membranes) early membranes trapped other polymers creating an internal aqueous environment inside that was different from that of the surrounding H20 environment

28
Q

Hypothesis for the Origin of Life on Earth

A
  1. The abiotic synthesis of small organic molecules from inorganic precursors
  2. Joining of small organic molecules (monomers) into polymers
  3. Spontaneous packaging of polymers into simple membranes = PROTOCELLS
  4. origin of self-replicating molecules that eventually made inheritance possible (genetic material)
  5. The evolution of true cells
29
Q

RNA world hypothesis

A

first genetic material was RNA and it was self-replicating (RNA was the sole genetic material of earliest cells) possible through RIBOSOMES - folded chain of RNA that can act as catalysts, ribosomes catalyzed RNA replication (self -replication) and then protein synthesis

30
Q

Monomers of proteins (polymer)

A

Amino Acids

31
Q

Monomers of nucleic acids

A

nucleotide (4)

32
Q

Monomers of Lipids

A

Fatty acids (glycerol)

33
Q

Monomers of carbohydrates

A

monosaccharides

34
Q

Taxonomy

A

Grouping organisms together based on shared characteristics (pre-darwin)

35
Q

Phylogenetic trees

A

branching diagram that depicts the lines of evolutionary descent of different organism or species

36
Q

Origins of life on earth

A

inorganic matter - monomers - polymers - protocells - cells - organisms

AP Biology (6 decks)

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