9

Question 1

(1)

division of fatty acids:
- sat: no __ ___, solid at room tempm, even ___ of ___ atoms
- unsat:
- monounsat: at least ___ 2x bond, better ___ & cis / trans
- polyunsat

Answer 1

2x bond, # of C atoms
at least 1 2x bond, better nutrition wise

Question 2

state nomenclature (A:yn-x)
double bonds tend to ____

Answer 2

A = # of C
y = # of double bonds
n-x = position of C to first double from end not ester

__appear in cluster C in between

Question 3

(2)

triaglycerols: purpose & structure
___ f.a attached to a ___ bkbone; connect via

Answer 3

a form of energy storage
major constituent in am.a
3 / glycerol / via ester

Question 4

why is fat solid @ room temp and oil liquid @ roomp temp?

sat vs unsat packing?

Answer 4

Fat vs Oil: Solid vs Liquid
sat: tighlty packed, striated w/ many hydrophobic interactions
unsat: kink, disordered. can’t pack close _> tend tb fluid

Question 5

trans fat can be: artifical or _natually occuring__

Answer 5

mostly artificial via hydrogenation
exgtend shelfline, industrial

OR

naturally occuring in daity ; by gut bacterias in anima;s

Question 6

compare vs contract glycerophospholipid vs sphingolipid

sphingo can have 2 f.a / 1 / ceramide

Answer 6

(+) both in membrane

(-) glycero. has 2 f.a, glycerol, PO4, and choline
sphingolipid: replace ester w/ amide
can have sphygomyelin / sphingosine / ceramide

Question 7

steroids

Answer 7

a hmn, ring syst
testos / estradiol/ choles

Question 8

other lipids

prostaglandine E2

Answer 8

• retinol
• ecosanoids: ease pain & inflammation

Question 9

what is amphiphilic lipids?
assoiciate in a lipid bylayer, driven by ___ (nonspon)

Answer 9

has a hydrophilic polar head outside + hydrophobic, np tail tucked inside
entropy

Question 11

diffusion rate into bilayer is affected by:
__: hotter, faster
___ of chains
___ degree
___ concentration: affects rigidity of subst

Answer 11

temp
length
degree of unsat
choles

Question 12

lateral diffusion can be:

Answer 12

1. rapid
2. rotate around the axis
3. flexion of HC chains

Question 13

w/ high temp, choles inhibits ___ ___ to stabilise it (prevent it from ____)
=> ___fluid
w/ low temp, ____ inbits lipid ___ to maintain some fluidity
=> __ fluid

Answer 13

lipid mvmnt -> less fluid
choles / packing -> more fluid

Question 14

what is assym?

made up of ____

Answer 14

lipid bilayer & its content outside inside is assym: made up of lipid, protein carb

Question 15

enzyme maintains assym by _____
=> energy is ___

Answer 15

transverse difffusion: flip lipid from top to bottom
+> energy is unfavourable bcs bypas the hydrophobic core
so lipids dont do this

Question 16

transmembrain protein usually span as:
- __ (a single 1 has __ hydrophobic ama)
- __-___
- outside; inside
- stay within the membrane bcs of ___

Answer 16

• a-helices; 20
• b-he;lices
• outside, hydrophobic regions; inside, hydrophilic passageway
• hydrophobic side chains

Question 17

T of F. transmembrane protein may diffuse freely within bilaer as long as not restricted by other protein. have less/more glycolipids in out than inner.

Answer 17

T. have more

Question 18

functions of transmembrane protein:
___ & ___
receptors
___
anchors: for __ ___

Answer 18

transpoter and channels
enzymes
structural support

Question 19

how does trasnporter and channels repond for faciliated transport?

Answer 19

transporter: have aspecific binding site, conform changes
channels: open pathway, select basedon size & charge

Question 20

active vs passive transport

Answer 20

firstL energy input
second: none
maintain an electrochemical gradient

Question 21

when move from high -> low c., cross a gradient (with or without) energy input -> energetically (un)favourable

Answer 21

without
energetically favourable

Question 22

example of faciliated transport

glucose transporter: Na, use that to glucose
Na K ATPase: (against), use ATP
=> to maintain ___ ____ w// low Na inside
=> active or passive
glucose transporter: pumps extra glucose

Answer 22

Oh

Question 23

(how how muscle contracs)

use action potential, Na+ channels, neurotransmitter, synmpatic vesicles

Answer 23

Action Potential down the axon -> Na_ channels open up
as Na+ passively floods inside, triggers release of neurotransmittor from synaptic vesicles
release into space & binds into muscle’s receptor
=> muscle contracts

Question 24

c

can proteins move?

Answer 24

although rigid, proteins in bilayer can move except where’s restricted

Question 25

describe how toxins target ion channels w/ toxinx?
in __ ___ contains te-tro-to-do-xin

Answer 25

bt if toxin blocks Na+ channels, no release of neurotransmittor
=> no contract , paralysis
e/g in puffer fish contaisn tetrodotoxin