Semester 1 Exam Flashcards
Seljuk Empire
or the Great Seljuq Empire[14][note 1] was a high medieval Turko-Persian[17] Sunni Muslim empire, originating from the Qiniq branch of Oghuz Turks.[18] At its greatest extent, the Seljuk Empire controlled a vast area stretching from western Anatolia and the Levant to the Hindu Kush in the east, and from Central Asia to the Persian Gulf in the south.
-. The Seljuks united the fractured political landscape of the eastern Islamic world and played a key role in the first and second crusades. Highly Persianized[19] in culture[20] and language,[21] the Seljuks also played an important role in the development of the Turko-Persian tradition,[22] even exporting Persian culture to Anatolia.[
Abbasid Empire
-ruledby a caliph
-had provencial gov’s + bureaucracy
-House of Wisdom in Bahgdad, Sunni Musli, spread Islam thorugh Sufis.
Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt
Historians have traditionally broken the era of Mamlūk rule into two periods—one covering 1250-1382, the other, 1382-1517. A political unit in Egypt established by Mamluks. Defeated the Mongols and the Ayyubid Sultanate. Did not set up a consistent, hereditary line of succession, which hurt them greatly. Failed to adapt to new warfare and were eventually defeated by the Ottomans, who brought guns. Disinterest in trade also contributed to their downfall.
Delhi Sultanate
Delhi Sultanate. The first Islamic government established within India from 1206-1520. Controled a small area of northern India and was centered in Delhi. Jizya. tax paid by Christians and Jews who lived in Muslim communities to allow them to continue to practice their own religion.
Dar al-Islam.
an Arabic term that means the “house of Islam” and that refers to lands under Islamic rule.
House of Wisdom
An academic center for research and translation of foreign texts that was established in Baghdad in 830 C.E. by the Abbasid caliph al-Mamun.
Great Zimbabwe
A powerful state in the African interior that apparently emerged from the growing trade in gold to the East African coast;
Songhay Empire
established in the 1400s (following the decline of the Mali Empire) and lasting until
the 1600s
The capital city, Gao, was commercially successful. Following a campaign of expansion led by Sunni
Ali, the empire reached its height and included the city of Timbuktu
Much like the West African kingdoms that preceded it, the kingdom of Songhay had control of the
trans-Saharan trade routes, which allowed for the exchange of gold and salt
Timbuktu was not only an important trading city but also a leading cultural center
The emperors of Songhay, all Muslims, encouraged the building of mosques and schools to teach
Islam to the citizens of the empire
In the late 1500s, the Moroccan army, armed with guns, attacked and seized the unarmed Songhay
Empire
Ibn Battuta
Moroccan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time. He wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and the western Sudan.
Mansa Musa
Mansa Musa was the greatest ruler of Mali, and led its expansion and increased the role of Islam in the daily lives of Malikan subjects. He showed the wealth and trading capabilities of his kingdom.
Kashgar
located at the western edge of China where northern and southern routes of the silk roads crossed, leading to destinations in Central Asia, India, and Persia. When- 14th century. Significance- Travelers were dependent on Kashgar for its abundance of water and food.
Samarkand
a wealthy trading center known for decorated mosques and tombs
-good resting spots for travelers on the silk road
Swahili Coast
East African city state society that dominated the coast from Mogadishu to Kilwa and was active in trade.
Gujurat
located in India. prospered from the Indian Ocean trade, exporting cotton textiles and indigo in return for gold and silver. Gujarat was not simply a commercial center; it was also a manufacturing center that produced textiles, leather goods, carpets, silk, and other commodities. Gujarat’s overseas trade was dominated by Muslims, but Hindus also benefited.
Sultanante of Malacca
was a Malay sultanate centered in the modern-day state of Malacca; controlled the Strait of Malacca for trade opportunities and money
Caravaransai
rest stops where merchants and travelers could store their goods, purchase a meal, sleep, and rest their animals during their journey along the Silk Road. This enabled merchants to travel along the Silk Road with a stronger sense of safety.
Confucianism
The system of ethics, education, and statesmanship taught by Confucius and his disciples, stressing love for humanity, ancestor worship, reverence for parents, and harmony in thought and conduct.
Neo-Confucianism
revival of Confucian teachings during the Tang Dynasty and Song Dynasty and a subsequent synthesis of Confucianism with aspects of Buddhism and Taoism. It reached the height of its cultural significance during the Northern Song Dynasty.
Theravada Buddhism
“The Teaching of the Elders,” the early form of Buddhism according to which the Buddha. was a wise teacher but not divine and which emphasizes practices rather than beliefs.
Mahayana Buddhism
he greater vehicle,” so called because it could carry more people to salvation. In later centuries, Mahayana Buddhism also became established in central Asia, China, Korea, and Japan.
Tibetan Buddhism
a Buddhist doctrine that includes elements from India that are not Buddhist and elements of preexisting shamanism, a tradition of Buddhism that teaches that people can use special techniques to harness spiritual energy and can achieve nirvana in a single lifetime
Champa rice
quick-maturing, very resistant rice that allow 2 harvests in one growing seasons. -originally from India; exported to Vietnam, then sent to China as a tribute gift.
Grand Canal
under the Song, The Grand Canal was one of the worlds largest waterworks project before modern times. It was used to facilitate trade between northern and southern China. The only practical and economic way to transport food crops in a large quantity was by water.
Sufism
a mystical Muslim group that believed they could draw closer to God through prayer, fasting, and a simple life. significance: most successful missionaries, helped spread. Hajj. definition: the fifth pillar of Islam, a pilgrimage to Mecca.
Fluyt
Dutch sailing vessel that allowed them to control the Baltic trade. inexpensive and carried cannons
Astrolabe
an instrument used by sailors to determine their location by observing the position of the stars and planets
Vasco da Gama
: Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, Significance: Opened an important commercial sea route. And established Portugal in India.
Northwest Passage
a water route through North America that would allow the ships to go to the Atlantic to the Pacific
King Afonso of the Kongo
King of Kongo who was influenced by the Portugese, African king that converted to christianity, requested missionaries in his land “Great Zimbabwe”, then switched to paganism. Resources were exploited and african slaves were taken with his consent
chattel slavery
a system of bondage in which a slave has the legal status of property and so can be bought as sold like property.
Econmienda system
Gave encomenderos the right to force natives to work in their mines or fields. In return, they were responsible for the well-being of workers, including conversion to Christianity. (modeled after the Inca mit’a system)
Hacienda system
a system of large agricultural estates that were developed in the Spanish Empire in the Americas. Haciendas were typically owned by wealthy landowners, and they were worked by indentured laborers, including indigenous people and African slaves.
Vodun
a New World syncretic faith that combines the animist faiths of West Africa with Christianity.
Viceroys
e title given to the principal governors of Spain’s American colonies, as well as to the governors of the “kingdoms” of peninsular Spain proper.
Pueblo Revolt
group of Pueblo Indians in modern day New Mexico, led by Pope, a Pueblo religious leader, revolted against Spain driving the Spanish from the colony of Santa Fe de Nuevo Mexico. Pope and his followers revolted because of Spanish attempts to ban Indian religious ceremonies and convert them to christianity
Maya city states
consisting of rural communities and large urban ceremonial centers. There were no standing armies, but warfare played an important role in religion, power and prestige.
