prokaryotes

Question 1

what is LUCA predicted to be

Answer 1

prokaryote

Question 2

what is a group of prokaryotes called

Answer 2

paraphyletic group

Question 3

do prokaryotes have a plasma membrane

Answer 3

yes

Question 4

what is the cytosol

Answer 4

content of cell within plasma membrane

Question 5

what is the cytosol

Answer 5

internal fluid containing organic molecules, proteins, metabolic waste, etc.

Question 6

what is the nucleoid

Answer 6

region not enclosed by membrane

Question 7

what is fimbriae

Answer 7

short appendages helping bacteria to adhere to substrate

Question 8

what is the capsule

Answer 8

dense layer of polusaccharide surrounding cell wall
–> protects cell

Question 9

(T/F) Prokaryotes have organelles

Answer 9

F

Question 10

do bacteria have histones?

Answer 10

No, but are present in some archaea

histones: proteins that bind to DNA

Question 11

what are flagellum

Answer 11

long cellular appendages specialized for locomotion

Question 12

what is gram classification

Answer 12

bacteria is classed according to structure of cell wall into gram(+) and gram (-)

Question 13

what is gram(+) vs. gram (-)

Answer 13

gram (-) more resistant to antibodies
–> outer membrane blocks water-soluble antibiotics

Question 14

what is a microbiome

Answer 14

community of microorganisms that live on/in human body

Question 15

what is commensalism

Answer 15

symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits, other is not helped/harmed

Question 16

photoautotroph vs photoheterotroph

Answer 16

photoautotroph: able to make its own food from inorganic compounds

photoheterotroph: use light for energy, but cannot make its own good from CO2

Question 17

chemoautotrph vs chemoheterotroph

Answer 17

chemoautotroph: organisms that gain food from chemical compounds (CO2)

chemoheterotroph: cannot create own food

Question 18

what do food webs rely on photoautotrophs for

Answer 18

1. absorbing energy from outside ecosystem (light)
   –> convert CO2 into sugars, produce O2
2. assimilating minterals into biomass that is pass on
   –> recycling of C,H,O,N,P

Question 19

what are the primary producers

Answer 19

photoautotrophs

Question 20

what are decomposers

Answer 20

absorb/convert nutrients from nonliving organis materials into inorganic forms

Question 21

what is asexual reproduction

Answer 21

reproduction by binary fission

Question 22

what is binary fission

Answer 22

doubling in size and simple division in half
–> replicates genome

Question 23

what are the 4 phases of asexual reproduction

Answer 23

1) lag phase: synthesis of components required for growth
2) log phase: rapid growth through cell divisions by factor of 2^n
3) stationary phase: population stops to grow (lack of nutrients, oxygen, etc)
4) death phase: exponential loss of viability due to lack of nutrients, oxygen, prolonged exposure to waste

Question 24

what is an antibiotic

Answer 24

molecule that kills growth of bacteria

Question 25

how can bacteria evolve resistance to antibiotics

Answer 25

• mutations alter genes
• resistance transmitted vertically through inheritance
• only resistant strains can grow

Question 26

what is conjugation

Answer 26

1) 2 cells temporarily joined through a pilus (hair-like structure) that draws receiver cell closer)
2) establishment of mating bridge
3) plasmid can be transferred from donor to receiver

Question 27

what is the F factor

Answer 27

fertility factor contains geners required to make the pilus

selfish DNA: enhances its own transmission

Question 28

what is the R plasmid

Answer 28

resistance plasmid that contains antibiotic resistance
–> genes carries by R plasmid can spread through conjugation

Question 29

what is transduction

Answer 29

bacteria exchange DNA through virus called bacteriophage (infects bacteria)
–> phage represents intermediate between donor/recipient cell

Question 30

what is transformation

Answer 30

bacteria release DNA after death which can be taken up by another bacteria
–> occurs naturally when bacteria recognizes a foreign DNA