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Biology PMT > 5.3 Hormonal Coordination in humans > Flashcards

5.3 Hormonal Coordination in humans Flashcards

1
Q

Give the name of the body’s coordination system which involves hormones.

A

The endocrine system

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2
Q

What is a hormone

A

A hormone is a chemical messenger secreted by a gland. It travels in the blood to a target organ, Where it causes a response.

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3
Q

What type of organ secretes hormones?

A

Glands

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4
Q

Which gland controls many other glands in the body?

A

The pituitary gland

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5
Q

Why is the pituitary gland considered a master gland?

A

It secretes a wide range of hormones, some of which may stimulate other endocrine glands.

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6
Q

What is the role of the pituitary gland in the endocrine systems?

A
  • Secretes human growth - controls human growth.
  • Stimulates the thyroid gland
  • Stimulates ovulation and the production of oestrogen in the ovaries
  • Stimulates the production of sperm and testosterone in the testes.
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7
Q

What is the role of the thyroid gland in the endocrine system?

A

Secretes the hormone thyroxine - controls metabolism, heart rate and body temperature.

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8
Q

What is the role of the pancreas in the endocrine system?

A

Secretes the hormone insulin - controls blood glucose levels.

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9
Q

What is the role of the adrenal gland in the endocrine system?

A

Secretes adrenaline - controls the body’s ‘fight or flight’ response,

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10
Q

What is the role of the ovaries in the endocrine system?

A

Secrete oestrogen, which coordinates the menstrual cycle and the development of female secondary sexual characteristics.

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11
Q

What organ monitors and controls blood glucose concentration?

A

The pancreas

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12
Q

How does the pancreas respond when blood glucose levels are too high?

A

The pancreas secretes the hormone insulin. Insulin binds to receptors on the liver and muscles, causing excess glucose to be converted into glycogen and stored.

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13
Q

What is type 1 diabetes?

A

Is an autoimmune disorder in which the pancreas does not produce sufficient insulin to control the blood glucose concentration.

As a result, blood glucose levels are often very high, leading to excessive urination, tiredness and weight loss.

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14
Q

How can type 1 diabetes be treated?

A

Insulin injections before meals - allows glucose to be converted into glycogen.

Limiting carbohydrate intake.

Attempts using pancreas and pancreatic cell transplants.

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15
Q

What is type 2 diabetes?

A

is a disorder in which the body’s cells stop responding to insulin, leading to an uncontrolled blood glucose concentration. Its onset is linked with increasing age and obesity.

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16
Q

How can type 2 diabetes be treated

A
  • Following a carefully - controlled diet
  • Doing regular exercise
  • Losing weight
  • Use of drugs which increase insulin production and effectiveness
17
Q

What is the function of reproductive hormones during puberty?

A

Males: Cause the development of secondary sexual characteristics

Females: Cause of development of secondary sexual characteristics and the maturation of eggs.

18
Q

What is the main male reproductive hormone?

A

The main male reproductive hormone is testosterone, which is produced by the testes and controls sperm production

19
Q

What is the main female reproductive hormone?

A

The main female reproductive hormone is oestrogen, which is produced by the ovaries and is involved in the menstrual cycle.

20
Q

What is the menstrual cycle?

A

The menstrual cycle is the monthly cycle of physiological changes that occurs in females, involving the shedding of the uterus lining (menstruation) and ovulation.

21
Q

Describe the events of the events of the menstrual cycle

A
  • Uterus lining thickens and eggs begin to mature in the ovaries.
  • An egg is released from one of the ovaries (ovulation) - uterus lining remains thick
  • If the egg is fertilised, pregnancy may occur. If not, both the egg and the uterus lining are shed during menstruation.
22
Q

What is ovulation?

A

Ovulation is the release of a mature egg from the ovaries, which occurs approximately every 28 days.

23
Q

Name 4 of the main hormones involved in the menstrual cycle.

A
  • Oestrogen
  • Progesterone
  • Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
  • Luteinising hormone (LH)
24
Q

What is contraception?

A

Contraception refers to any method of preventing pregnancy.

25
Q

What are two types of oral contraceptives?

A
  • Combines contraceptive pill (contains oestrogen and progesterone).
  • Mini pill (contains only progesterone)
26
Q

How does the contraceptive pill prevent pregnancy?

A

Inhibits FSH - eggs do not mature.

Prevents the development of the uterus lining - eggs cannot implant

Increases the thickness of cervical mucus - immobilises sperm cells

27
Q

What is the contraceptive patch?

A

Contains both oestrogen and progestogen

It is a patch that is placed onto the skin for 7 days at a time

28
Q

What is a contraceptive implant?

A

A small rod inserted under the skin which continuously releases the hormone progesterone - lasts for 3 years

29
Q

What is contraceptive injection?

A

An injection containing the hormone progesterone - lasts for approximately 3 months

30
Q

What is the IUS?

A

The IUS (Intrauterine system) is a small plastic device that is inserted into the uterus. It releases progesterone which thickens cervical mucus and prevents the build-up of the uterine lining.

31
Q

What is the IUD?

A

The IUD (Intrauterine device) is a small copper - containing device inserted into the uterus, which prevents the implication of embryos.

32
Q

What is spermicide?

A

A spermicide is a chemical that kills or immobilises sperm cells - however, they are not very effective, and work better when combined with barrier methods.

33
Q

What is a barrier method of contraception?

A

A barrier method of contraception involves a physical separation between the sperm and the egg. They include:

  • Condoms - thin sheath worm on the penis or inside the vagina - protects against STI’s but may tear/break.
  • Diaphragms - a thin cap placed over the cervix - prevents entry of sperm
34
Q

What surgical methods of contraception are avaliable?

A

Sterilisation - in males, the sperm ducts are tied ( vasectomy) and in females, the ovaries are tied

35
Q

What is abstinence?

A

is the practice of not having sex, which also avoids pregnancy. Some people abstain from sex around the time of ovulation - this is known as the rhythm method, but it is quite unreliable.

Biology PMT (24 decks)

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