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Human Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 6 Bone Physiology > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Bone Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Primary functions of the skeletal system

A

Support
Storage of minerals and lipids
blood cell production
protection
leverage

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2
Q

What is included in the skeletal system?

A

Bones of the skeleton
Cartilages, ligaments, and other connective tissues that stabilize and connect.

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3
Q

What do bones store?

A

Inorganic ions, calcium ions, phosphorus ions, lipids in yellow marrow

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4
Q

Axial skeleton

A

Bones that make up the central axis of the body

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5
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

Bones that make up the appendages of the body

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6
Q

types of bones

A

longs
short
flat
irregular
sesamoid

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7
Q

compact bone

A

closer to solid
closer to the surface to provide stability

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8
Q

Spongy bone

A

an open network
interior of bone

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9
Q

long bone includes

A

diaphysis
epiphyses
metaphysis
articular cartilage
marrow cavity

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10
Q

diaphysis

A

tubular shaft
contains marrow cavity

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11
Q

Metaphysis

A

connects diaphysis to epiphysis

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11
Q

Epiphysis

A

end of bone
mainly spongy bone
form complex joints and synovial fluid

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12
Q

bone marrow

A

in marrow cavity within diaphysis
contains yellow marrow which stores fat
coontains red marrow which produces blood cells

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13
Q

diploe

A

sandwich of spongy bone
contains bone marrow within spongy network

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14
Q

Osseous tissue is what?

A

Supporting connective tissue

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15
Q

4 characteristics of bone

A

dense matrix- contains calcium salts
osteocytes- bone cells housed within lacunae
canaliculi forms network between lacunae
periosteum

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16
Q

How much of the bone matrix is calcium phosphate?

A

2/3

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17
Q

crystalline hydroxyapatite formula?

A

calcium phosphate + calcium hydroxide

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18
Q

crystalline hydroxapatite bind to make what?

A

calcium carbonate, sodium ions, magnesium ions, and fluoride ions

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19
Q

what does calcium phosphate provide?

A

resistance to compression and rigidity

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20
Q

what do collagen fibers provide?

A

resistance to tension and binding material for calcium crystals

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21
Q

what do protein-crystal interactions provide?

A

strength, flexibility, and shatter resistance to bone

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22
Q

cells in bone

A

osteocytes
osteoblasts
osteoprogenitor cells (stem)
osteoclasts

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23
Q

mature bone cells

A

osteocytes

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24
Q

occupies the lacuna within lamella layers

A

osteocytes

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25
Q

cannot divide; lacuna contains only one

A

osteocytes

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26
Q

canaliculi connects lacunae through what?

A

lamellae

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27
Q

2 major functions of osteocytes

A

maintain protein and mineral content of the matrix
help repair damaged bone by becoming osteoblast or osteoprogenitor cell if needed

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28
Q

produce new bone matrix through osteogenesis

A

osteoblasts

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29
Q

make and release proteins and other matrix components

A

osteoblasts

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30
Q

organic matrix is called what before calcium salt deposition?

A

osteoid

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31
Q

helps to elevate calcium phosphate levels locally

A

osteoblasts

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32
Q

promote calcium salt deposition

A

osteoblasts

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33
Q

osteoblasts become osteocytes when?

A

when surrounded by matrix

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34
Q

type of mesenchymal cell

A

osteoprogenitor cells

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35
Q

stem cell that divides into daughter cells to produce osteoblasts

A

osteoprogenitor cells

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36
Q

maintain osteoblast populations

A

osteoprogenitor cells

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37
Q

help repair fractures

A

osteoprogenitor cells

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38
Q

osteoprogenitor cells located in?

A

cellular layer of periosteum
endosteum
vascular passages of matrix

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39
Q

remove bone matrix

A

osteoclasts

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40
Q

giant cells; multinucleate

A

osteoclasts

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41
Q

related to macrophages; both monocytes

A

osteoclasts

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42
Q

secretes acid and protein destroying enzymes to break down matrix and release minerals

A

osteoclasts

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43
Q

process called osteolysis important in regulation of what?

A

calcium and phosphate ion concentration

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44
Q

bone composition depends on what?

A

osteoblasts to osteoclasts relationship

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45
Q

functional unit of compact bone

A

osteon

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46
Q

osteocytes are arranged how in compact bone?

A

concentric layers around central canal

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47
Q

what does the central canal contain?

A

blood vessels that carry blood to and from the osteon

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48
Q

perforating canals do what?

A

run perpendicular to the central canals; blood vessels contained in here supply deep bone tissue and marrow cavity

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49
Q

concentric lamellae from what

A

nested cylinders around central canal

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50
Q

inertsitial lamellae do what?

A

fill spaces between osteons due to breakdown by osteoclasts

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51
Q

circumferential lamellae

A

found around in the outer surfaces and covered by periosteum and in the inner surfaces covered by endosteum

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52
Q

where is compact bone the thickest?

A

where stresses arrive from limited range of directions

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53
Q

osteons aligned the same…

A

strong when stressed along the axis of alignment

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54
Q

lamellae arrangement in spongy bone

A

lamellae is not arranged in osteons

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55
Q

what is the name of the network formed by the matrix in spongy bone?

A

trabeculae

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56
Q

are there blood vessels in the matrix of spongy bone?

A

no

57
Q

what canals does diffusion take place in spongy bone

A

canaliculi open the surfaces of trabeculae and diffusion takes place within these canals

58
Q

where is spongy bone located

A

areas of less stress

59
Q

trabeculae are along stress lines with what?

A

with extensive cross-branching

60
Q

spongy bone transfers forces where?

A

adjacent compact bone

61
Q

what does spongy bone do to the weight of the skeleton?

A

it reduces it

62
Q

what does spongy bone protect?

A

bone marrow cells

63
Q

located where stresses are limited in direction

A

compact bone

64
Q

located where stresses are weaker or multi-directional

A

spongy bone

65
Q

superficial layer of bone

A

periosteum

66
Q

functions of the periosteum

A

isolates bone from surrounding tissue system interactions
helps with bone growth and repair

67
Q

periosteum is

A

continuous with surroundings
interwoven with tendons attached to bone- very strong attachment

68
Q
A
69
Q

the incomplete cellular layer that lines the marrow cavity

A

endosteum

70
Q

Endosteum functions

A

active during bone growth, repair, and remodeling
covers trabeculae and lines central canals
consists of osteoprogenitor cells
where cellular layer is not complete osteoblasts and osteoclasts are active

71
Q

what is calcification

A

depositing calcium salts within tissues

72
Q

what is ossification

A

converting other tissue to bone

73
Q

bone production between membranes

A

intramembraneous ossification

74
Q

what type of ossification produces flat bones

A

intramembraneous

75
Q

cartilage model becomes long bone

A

endochondral ossification

76
Q

where does the bone get longer

A

metaphysis

77
Q

Nutrient artery and veins

A

supply diaphysis form during beginning of endochondral ossification
enter through nutrient foramina
branches of vessel form perforation canal

78
Q

Metaphyseal vessels

A

supply blood to inner surface of epiphyseal cartilage
where osteoblasts are active

79
Q

periosteal vessels

A

blood vessels from the periosteum
supply the superficial osteons
also supply secondary ossification areas in epiphyses

80
Q

after closure of epiphyses

A

all types are interconnected

81
Q

step one of bone remodeling

A

minerals removed from bone matrix and released into circulating blood

82
Q

step two of bone remodeling

A

simultaneously circulating minerals are absorbed and deposited

83
Q

step tree of bone remodeling

A

involves interaction between osteocytes, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts

84
Q

step four of bone remodeling

A

osteoblasts forming osteons and osteoclasts are breaking down osteons

85
Q

what is the bone turnover rate

A

1/5 is replaced in a year - high turnover rate

86
Q

what can take the place of calcium

A

heavy minerals - these materials can stay in bone for long periods

87
Q

what can happen as heavy minerals are released over the remodeling process?

A

it can lead to great complications and disease over time (leukemia and cancer)

88
Q

what are attracted to electrical stimuli

A

osteoblasts

89
Q

why bone remodeling

A

helps bones adapt to many situations that the body is exposed to

90
Q

what does stress do to bones

A

it makes them thicker

91
Q

nutrients for bone growth

A

vitamin C vitamin K and vitamin b12

92
Q

hormones for bone growth

A

calcitrol, growth hormone, thyroxine, sex hormones

93
Q

what does growth hormone do

A

stimulates protein and cell growth

94
Q

what does thyroxine do?

A

helps maintain metabolism in cells

95
Q

what do hormones do for bone growth

A

maintain epiphyseal cartilage (plate) until puberty

96
Q

what causes osteoblasts to work faster than cartilage expansion?

A

sex hormones

97
Q

what causes epiphyseal cartilage to close and growth to stop

A

sex hormones

98
Q

pott’s fracture

A

in the ankle and affects both bones of the leg

99
Q

comminuted fractures

A

shatter the affected area into multitude of bony fragments

100
Q

transverse fracture

A

break a shaft bone across its long axis

101
Q

spiral fracture

A

produced by twisting stresses that spread along the length of the bone

102
Q

displaced fracture

A

new and abnormal bone arrangemnets

103
Q

non-displaced fractures

A

retain the normal alignment of the bones or fragments

104
Q

colles’ fracture

A

break in the distal portion of the radius, typically the result of trying to cushion a fall

105
Q

epiphyseal fracture

A

tend to occur where the bone matrix is undergoing calcification and chondrocytes are dying

106
Q

greenstick fracture

A

one side of the shaft is broken and the other is bent - usually in children

107
Q

compression fracture

A

in vertebrae subjected to extreme stresses

108
Q

what is joint classification based on

A

structure or anatomy
function or “range of motion”

108
Q

synarthrosis

A

immovable joint

109
Q

amphiarthrosis

A

slightly movable joint

109
Q

diarthrosis

A

freely movable joint

109
Q

symphysis

A

articulation separated by pad or wedge of fibrocartilage

110
Q

gomphoses

A

bolting together of teeth to maxilla and mandible

110
Q

synovial membrane lines the walls of the articular capsule

A

diarthroses

110
Q

suture joint

A

between flat bones of the skull - stitched together

110
Q

anatomical classifications

A

bony
fibrous
cartilaginous
synovial

110
Q

flexion

A

reduction in angle of articulating elements (anterior-posterior plane)

110
Q

surrounded by articular capsule

A

diarthroses

110
Q

created by the continuation of periosteum of the two articulating bones

A

articular capsule

110
Q

extenison

A

increase in the angle of articulating elements (anterior-posterior plane)

110
Q

linear motion

A

gliding motion

111
Q

abduction

A

away from longitudinal axis of the body

111
Q

adduction

A

toward the longitudinal axis of the body

111
Q

pronation

A

roataion involving the wrist and forearm; palm facing front to palm facing back

111
Q

lateral rotation

A

opposite of medial rotation

112
Q

medial rotation

A

anterior movement toward the long axis or midline

112
Q

circumduction

A

the motion of “drawing a circle”

112
Q

supination

A

roation involving the wrist and forearm; palm tuned anteruorly

112
Q

left rotation/right rotation

A

rotation described versus Medline or longitudinal axis

113
Q

inversion

A

twisting motion of foot turning sole inward

114
Q

eversion

A

opposite of inversion

115
Q

dorsiflexion

A

flexion at ankle and elevation of the sole

116
Q

planter flextion

A

opposite of dorsiflexion

117
Q

opposition

A

movement of thumb toward the palm or fingers

118
Q

protraction

A

movement of a body part anteriorly in the horizontal plane

119
Q

retraction

A

opposite of protraction

120
Q

elevation

A

movemnet of a body part superiorly

121
Q

depression

A

movement of a body part inferiorly

122
Q

lateral flexion

A

vertebral column bending to side

Human Anatomy and Physiology (4 decks)

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