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Environmental Economics > 7. Guest lecture - Market-based CPR management > Flashcards

7. Guest lecture - Market-based CPR management Flashcards

1
Q

What are TURFs?

A

Territorial use rights for fishing: permit to fish in a particular location.

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2
Q

What is TACC and TARC?

A

TACC: total allowable commercial catch.

TARC: total allowable recreational/indigenous catch

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3
Q

Who can get ITQs? Name 2.

A
  • Fishers
  • Communities
  • Cooperatives
  • Vessels
  • Anyone with interest in fishery
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4
Q

What are ITQs?

A

Permits that allow rightsholders to catch a share of the total allowable catch of a fish species.

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5
Q

True or false: you can’t have an ITQ without a TAC.

A

True.

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6
Q

What are the four characteristics of the ITQ system?

A
  • Tradeable
  • Durable
  • Secure
  • Exclusive
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7
Q

What is the problem of a non binding TAC?

A

Without binding TACs, fisheries revert to a regulated open access system in nature.

There can be declining economic performance during a period of non-binding TAC.

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8
Q

How much of global fish catch is taken under ITQs?

A

25%

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9
Q

What are the two reasons for introducing ITQs?

A
  1. Stock recovery
  2. Economic efficiency
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10
Q

What is the triple bottom line in ITQs?

A
  1. Sustainability success
  2. Economic succes
  3. Social success
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11
Q

What are the 2 effects on fish as an end product because of ITQs?

A
  1. Higher prices
  2. Better quality
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12
Q

What is the spill-over effect because of ITQs?

A

Fishers shift effort to catch other (non-ITQ) species, which may result in increased fishing pressure and overcapacity in these species.

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13
Q

What is “high-grading”?

A

Smaller fish (which generally attract a lower price) are discarded to save the quota for larger fish.

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14
Q

True or false: lease depedendent fishers are generally less satisfied with ITQs than fisher owners.

A

True.

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15
Q

Why may ITQs create barriers to entry? Name 1 reason.

A
  • Because the 1st generation of ITQ owners may have received their ITQs for free.
  • ITQs may not flow to most efficient but rather to those with most access to capital.
  • High price of quota
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16
Q

Why has demand for employment generally fallen after ITQs introduction?

A
  • Due to lower number of vessels.
  • Selling of quota to non-fishers or outsiders
17
Q

How have ITQs made fishing safer?

A

ITQs provide fishers more flexiblity in deciding when to fish.

18
Q

Why may ITQs result in power assymetry? Name 1 reason.

A
  • Because of a concentration of quota ownership.
  • Not all stakeholders have a seat at the table in deciding next year’s TAC.
19
Q

What is the risk of announcing new quotas too early?

A

The unintended consequence of overfishing.

20
Q

What is a PES scheme?

A

A Payments for Environmental Services scheme is a mechanism that establishes and sustains a financial link between potential buyers and prospective suppliers of environmental services that markets fail to provide.

21
Q

How can one determine the marginal cost of a PES scheme?

A

Through conservation auctions.

22
Q

What groups may be buyers in a PES scheme in a low income country?

A
  1. Citizens living in the capital
  2. International tourists
23
Q

What are the 2 categories of tools to manage CPRs?

A
  1. Punishment
  2. Rewards
24
Q

What are the two ways to introduce an ITQ?

A
  1. Allocate rights
  2. Withdraw rights
25
Q

What are the four steps in setting up an ITQ system?

A
  1. Stock assessment
  2. Set a TAC
  3. Divy up between TACC and TARC
  4. Allocate across ITQs
26
Q

How may ITQs generate a higher level of discards?

A

Catch taken above the quota cannot be landed.

27
Q

What is the danger of the social element in deciding a TAC?

A

Financial pressures can cause an emotionally based risk response towards higher TAC levels.

28
Q

What is the issue with grandfathering?

A

Grandfathering may result in people to set a record to get a large “past activity”.

29
Q

True or false: in most ITQ fisheries the fees collected are below actual management costs.

A

True.

Environmental Economics (14 decks)

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