Consonants

Question 1

What is a broad transcription?

Answer 1

Phonemic transcription. Uses the simplest possible set of symbols. Uses slanted // brackets.

Question 2

What is a phoneme?

Answer 2

The smallest linguistic unit that distinguishes meaning

Question 3

What is a narrow transcription?

Answer 3

Phonetic transcription. More detailed. Applies for unknown language, for disordered speech or in forensic samples. Uses [] brackets

Question 4

How do you describe consonants using the IPA CHART?

Answer 4

VPM:
Voicing state - voiced or voiceless
Place of articulation - where is the main movement in the vocal tract
Manner of articulation - what is the extent of movement or type of constriction

Question 5

Are voiced sounds on the left or right of cells in the IPA?

Answer 5

right

Question 6

What is the vocal tract?

Answer 6

A container of air that starts from the top of the vocal folds and goes all the way to the edge of the lips; it includes both the oral cavity and the nasal cavity

Question 7

what are the two types of articulators for constricitions?

Answer 7

Passive articulator: static
Active articulator: movement towards the passive articulator

Question 8

What are the 11 places of articulation?

Answer 8

Bilabial
Labiodental
Dental
Alveolar
Postalveolar
Retroflex
Palatal
Velar
Uvular
Pharyngeal
Glottal

Question 9

What are the articulators for bilabial sounds?

Answer 9

upper and lower lips

Question 10

What are the articulators for labiodental sounds?

Answer 10

active = lower lip
passive = upper front teeth

Question 11

what are the articulators for dental sounds?

Answer 11

active = tongue tip
passive = upper front teeth

Question 12

what are the articulators for alveolar sounds

Answer 12

active = tongue tip/blade
passive = alveolar ridge

Question 13

what are the articulators for postalveolar sounds?

Answer 13

active = tongue tip/blade
passive = area just behind the alveolar

Question 14

what are the articulators for retroflex sounds?

Answer 14

active = underside of tongue tip/blade
passive = hard palate

Question 15

What are the articulators for palatal sounds?

Answer 15

active = tongue front
passive = hard palate ]

Question 16

what are the articulators for velar sounds?

Answer 16

active = tongue back
passive = velum

Question 17

what are the articulators for uvular sounds?

Answer 17

active = tongue back
passive = uvula

Question 18

what are the articulators for pharyngeal sounds?

Answer 18

active = tongue root
passive = back of pharyngeal wall

Question 19

What are the different manners of articulation in the IPA for pulmonic consonants?

Answer 19

Plosive
Nasal
Trill
Tap or Flap
Fricative and lateral fricative
Approximant and lateral approximant

Question 20

How are plosive sounds articulated?

Answer 20

complete closure of the vocal tract that is maintained for a period of time.
oral airflow
e.g. p, b, t, d.

Question 21

how are nasal sounds articulated?

Answer 21

complete closure of the oral cavity.
velum lowered - nasal airflow
e.g. m, n

Question 22

how are trills articulated?

Answer 22

complete but less forceful closure - repeated vibration of the articulator caused by the airstream
e.g. bilabial B, brrr noise

Question 23

how are taps or flaps articulated?

Answer 23

similar to plosives but with very short amount of time during which the contact is maintained
e.g. alveolar r in butter

Question 24

how are fricatives articulated?

Answer 24

very narrow opening between articulators, narrow structure and turbulent airflow
e.g. english lass

Question 25

how are lateral fricatives articulated?

Answer 25

Midline of the oral cavity blocked by complete closure, turbulent airflow along the sides of the tongue

Question 26

how are approximants articulated?

Answer 26

approximation of the articulators without obstruction of the airflow, wider distance between articulators

Question 27

how are lateral approximants articulated?

Answer 27

midline of the oral cavity blocked by complete closure, air released along one or both sides of the tongue

Question 28

how are affricates articulated?

Answer 28

similar to plosives but with release into narrow stricture, combination of plosives and fricatives, affricates are possible at all places of articulation at which plosives occur e.g. english church

Question 29

what does ‘rhotics’ refer to?

Answer 29

all types of r-like sounds

Question 30

what does ‘liquids’ refer to?

Answer 30

lateral approximants and rhotics

Question 31

what does glides refer to?

Answer 31

approximants without obstruction in the centre of the mouth