Adjuvants Flashcards
1
Q
Swelling at injection site
A
- Often due to adjuvants
- Differences in “pain” of vaccines are due to the various different adjuvants
2
Q
What are adjuvants?
A
- Basically just danger signals that are put into vaccines to drive a stronger and different response than just the vaccine would. Would want vaccine to trigger an intracellular response to get cell-mediated and humoral response.
- Many different options. Examples: dsRNA, Lipoproteins
3
Q
Functions of adjuvants
A
- Delivery of the vaccine
- Provides a depot effect
- Slow-release of antigen
- Keep antigen at side of injection - Targetijng of specific cells
- Targeting of antigen-presenting cells
- Targeting of special tissues, uptake via mucosal surfaces - Stimulation of innate and acquired immunity
- provide a danger signal
- Recruitment and activation of immune cells (antigen presenting cells)
4
Q
Different Delivery (adjuvants)
A
- There are many different types of adjuvants that act as different forms of delivery of the vaccine
Ex. Virus-like particles, Phospholipid nano-particles
5
Q
Oil-in-water emulsions
A
- Adjuvant that involves antigen mixed with oil in water
- Enhances uptake and immune cell activation
6
Q
Evolution of Adjuvants used in human medicine
A
- Commonly Aluminum- FDA approved; mainly drives Th2 response so not the best method.
- Pandemic led to FDA rule change and an increase in development of other adjuvants which allow for a better immune response
7
Q
Herd immunity
A
- Helps to reduce the spread within a susceptible population
- More individuals with immunity (vaccinated) will reduce the transmission of the pathogen
- Dependent on R0. The higher the R0, the higher the Herd Immunity Threshold (HIT) needs to be
8
Q
Vaccine Development stages
A
- Antigen identification
- Vaccine design
- Vaccine characterization (testing)
- Pilot stage manufacturing
- Clinical testing
