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A-level Biology > run for your life > Flashcards

run for your life Flashcards

1
Q

define muscle?

A

band of fibrous tissues that can contract to cause movement

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2
Q

what is synovial fluid?

A

fluid that lubricates joints, to stop grinding

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3
Q

define bone?

A

calcified hard tissue, making up the skeleton

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4
Q

define tendon?

A

joins muscle to bone

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5
Q

define joint?

A

joins bone to bone

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6
Q

what are the 4 types of joint?

A
  • ball and socket
  • pivot
  • hinge
  • gliding
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7
Q

name 2 kinds of involuntary muscle?

A
  • smooth muscle
  • cardiac muscle
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8
Q

what is the sarcolema?

A

internal membrane of a muscle cell

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9
Q

what makes up the thick myofilaments in a muscle cell?

A

myosin

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10
Q

what makes up the thin myofilaments in a muscle cell?

A

actin

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11
Q

what molecule covers the myosin head binding site?

A

tropomyosin

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12
Q

what molecule on tropomyosin receives calcium ions?

A

troponin

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13
Q

name the 6 steps of muscular contraction?

A

1) an action potential is received
2) calcium ions released from sarcoplasmic reticulum
3) calcium ions bind to troponin molecules
4) changes shape of troponin and tropomyosin, exposing the myosin binding site
5) myosin head attatches to contract
6) ATP breaks the cross bridges, so myosin head detaches

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14
Q

where does glycolysis occur?

A

the cytoplasm

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15
Q

whats the net ATP gain of glycolysis?

A

2

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16
Q

where does the link reaction occur?

A

mitochondria matrix

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17
Q

name the 3 processes that make up respiration?

A
  • glycolysis
  • link reaction
  • kreb cycle
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18
Q

where does the kreb cycle occur?

A

mitochondria matrix

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19
Q

what does glycolysis produce?

A
  • 2 net ATP
  • 2 reduced NAD
  • 2 pyruvate molecules
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20
Q

name the 5 steps of glycolysis?

A

1) glucose is phosphorylated by 2 ATP to make it more reactive
2) glucose molecule splits into 2 intermediate 3C compounds
3) hydrogen is removed from each compound to make reduced NAD
4) phosphates are transfered to make 4 ATP
5) pyruvate is produced

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21
Q

what does the link reaction produce?

A
  • CO2
  • reduced NAD
  • acetyl, coenzyme A
22
Q

describe the 3 stages of the link reaction?

A

1) CO2 is removed (decarboxylation)
2) hydrogen is removed to form reduced NAD
3) acetyl coenzyme A is produced

23
Q

what does the kreb cycle produce?

A
  • 2 CO2
  • 3 reduced NAD
  • 1 ATP
  • 2 reduced FAD
24
Q

describe the 5 steps of the kreb cycle?

A

1) acetyl coA reacts with a 4C compound to produce a 6C molecule

25
Q

describe substrate-level phosphorylation?

A
  • a phosphate molecules is transferred from a substrate directly to an ADP
  • doesn’t involve O2
26
Q

how does glycolysis produce ATP?

A

substrate-level phosphorylation

27
Q

how does the kreb cycle produce ATP?

A

substrate-level phosphorylation

28
Q

what is a tropism?

A

a plant growth response

29
Q

what is IAA?

A

a type of auxin

30
Q

describe the 4 stages of phototropism?

A

1) IAA diffuses down the shoot tip
2) plant detects which side is facing the sun, and IAA builds up on the opposite shaded side
3) causes shoot to bend towards the light
4) due to cell elongation

31
Q

what is a photoperiod?

A

length of night

32
Q

why is plant flowering inhibited or activated?

A

when the night reaches a certain length, genes controlling flowering are turned on or off

33
Q

how is the length of a night detected by a plant?

A

it determines the quantities of phytochrome in the leaf

34
Q

name the 2 forms of phytochrome?

A
  • Pr
  • Pfr
35
Q

what form of phytochrome rise during the day?

A

Pfr - active

36
Q

what form of phytochrome rise during the night?

A

Pr - inactive

37
Q

describe the 3 stages of what Pfr does?

A
  • Pfr binds to receptors on target cells
  • activates signal molecules, which activates transcription factors
  • The proteins produced bring about metabolic changes that result in many
    responses e.g. germination or flowering
38
Q

why can the SAN not transfer electrical signals straight to the ventricles?

A

there is an electrically insulating wall in the heart, blocking the impulse

39
Q

cardiac output equation?

A

Stroke volume X BPM

40
Q

what is tacycardio?

A

heart rate too fast

41
Q

what is bradycardio?

A

heart rate too slow

42
Q

what is an ectopic heartbeat?

A

extra heartbeats

43
Q

what is fibrillation?

A

irregular heartbeats

44
Q

how does adrenaline increase heart rate?

A
  • increases force of contraction
  • increases frequency of impulses from the SAN
45
Q

what does the vagus nerve do?

A

decrease heart rate

46
Q

what does the accelerans nerve do?

A

increases heart rate

47
Q

what section of the nervous system is the vagus nerve a part of?

A

parasympathetic

48
Q

what section of the nervous system is the accelerans nerve a part of?

A

sympathetic

49
Q

name 4 factors of myoglobin?

A
  • dark red pigment
  • high o2 affinity
    releases o2 when o2 concentration is low or co2 concentration is high
  • oxygen store in muscles
50
Q

name 3 features of fast twitch muscle fibres?

A
  • quick contraction
  • little myoglobin
  • anerobic
51
Q

name 3 features of slow twitch muscle fibres?

A
  • slow contraction
  • lots of myoglobin
  • aerobic

A-level Biology (6 decks)

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