LEC15: Sensory System (Age-Related Changes in Physiology and the Effects of Exercise) Flashcards
Fall Statistics: between (blank) of Canadians aged 65 and over fall each year
20-30%
Fall Statistics: falls remain the leading cause of (blank) among Canadians aged 65 and over
injury-related hospitalizations
Fall Statistics: falls are the direct cause of (blank) of all hip fractures, leading to death in (blank) of cases
95%, 20%
Fall Statistics: falls appear to be a catalyst for what?
The transition to long-term care
Activity associated with fall-related injury, age 65+
Walking in any other surface: 45%
Walking on snow or ice: 16%
Up or down stairs/steps: 13%
Due to health problems: 8%
From furniture/rising from furniture: 5%
From elevated position: 5%
Engaged in other sport or physical activity: 4%
Other (includes skating, skiing, and snowboarding): 4%
Body part affected by fall-related injury, age 65+
Knee, lower leg: 15%
Ankle, foot: 10%
Lower back or lower spine: 8%
Wrist: 8%
Hip: 7%
Head (including facial bones): 7%
Chest: 7%
Hand: 4%
Elbow, lower arm: 4%
Multiple sites: 4%
Abdomen or pelvis: 3%
Neck, upper back or upper spine: 3%
Thigh: 2%
Eyes (excluding facial bones): 1%
Fall-related hospitalizations, by place of occurrence of fall, age 65+
Home: 50%
Residential Institution: 17%
Sports and athletic area: 0%
Industrial and construction: 0%
School, other institution, public area: 7%
Street and highway: 3%
Trade and service area: 2%
Other specified place: 2%
Farm: 0%
Unspecified place: 19%
Biological/intrinsic factors associated with an increased risk of falling among older adults
- Impaired mobility
- Balance deficit
- Gait deficit
- Muscle weakness
- Advanced age
- Chronic illness/disability:
a. Cognitive impairment
b. Stroke
c. Parkinson’s disease
d. Diabetes
e. Arthritis
f. Heart disease
g. Incontinence
h. Foot disorders
i. Visual impairment - Acute illness
Behavioural factors associated with an increased risk of falling among older adults
- History of falls
- Fear of falling
- Multiple medications
- Use of:
a. Antipsychotics
b. Sedative/hypnotics
c. Antidepressants - Excessive alcohol
- Risk-taking behaviours
- Lack of exercise
- Inappropriate footwear/clothing
- Inappropriate assistive devices use
- Poor nutrition or hydration
- Lack of sleep
Social and Economic factors associated with an increased risk of falling among older adults
- Low income
- Lower level of education
- Illiteracy/language barriers
- Poor living conditions
- Living alone
- Lack of support networks and social interaction
- Lack of transportation
- Cultural/ethnicity
Environmental factors associated with an increased risk of falling among older adults
- Poor building design and/or maintenance
- Inadequate building codes
- Stairs
- Home hazards
- Lack of:
a. Handrails
b. Curb ramps
c. Rest areas
d. Grab bars
e. Good lighting or sharp contracts - Slippery or uneven surfaces
- Obstacles and tripping hazards
What are the systems contributing to balance?
- Sensory (visual, somatosensory, vestibular)
- Cognitive
- Motor
- Older adults and balance dysfunction
What is the sensory system?
Brings in information about the state of the body in relation to the environment and task
What is the cognitive system?
Makes the decision about what action is needed
What is the motor system?
Produces the actions required to maintain or restore balance