MEMORY AND COGNITION Flashcards
Cognitive Function: Frontal Lobe
Inhibition
* Judgment
* Planning
* Organizing
* Problem solving
* Attention
* Personality
* Behavior
* Emotion/mood and long-
term memories involved
in emotion (limbic)
* Foresight
Frontal Lobe Damage: Clinical Implications
3 regions ?
Lateral region of prefrontal cortex
* Attention deficits
* Reduced problem solving
* Poor planning, sequencing during tasks
- Orbital prefrontal region
- Personality changes
- Emotion
- Medial prefrontal region and cingulate cortex
- Reduced regulation of attention
- Reduced motivation/drive
Frontal Lobe Syndrome_________________ - Common to TBI patients: a profile with symptoms
resulting from damage to various frontal regions
Transorbital lobotomy
Lateral region of prefrontal cortex
Lateral region of prefrontal cortex
Attention deficits
* Reduced problem solving
* Poor planning, sequencing during tasks
Orbital prefrontal region
Orbital prefrontal region
* Personality changes
* Emotion
Medial prefrontal region and cingulate cortex
Medial prefrontal region and cingulate cortex
* Reduced regulation of attention
* Reduced motivation/drive
Frontal Lobe Syndrome_________________
The Story of Phineas Gage
Frontal Lobe Injury:
The Story of Phineas Gage
1823: Phineas Gage was
impaled by a railroad
spike through prefrontal
cortex
Types of Memory
Retrograde memory:
Anterograde memory
Retrograde memory
4 memories fall into this one
Stored in “long-term” memory
* ______declaratives memory________________: factual knowledge, explicit
memories
* Episodic: personally experienced events
* Semantic: knowledge of the world, word meaning
* _____procedural memory_________________ : performance of routine
behaviors, implicit memory, “muscle memory”
Anterograde memory
Anterograde memory
* Ability to retain or learn new information
* Requires “working memory” and “short-term memory”
Memory Representation in the Brain
Location for procedural, long term, short term, declarative and episodic ?
Location depends on type of memory
* Basal ganglia and cerebellum: Procedural
* Prefrontal lobe: Short term (working) memory
* Medial temporal lobes
* Declarative & Episodic memory
* Limbic structures:
* Hippocampus and amygdala
* Consolidation of long term declarative memory
* Fornix, mammillary bodies, hippocampus: recall of long-
term information
* Thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus
who is Clive Wearing?
The guy who lost his memory and only remembered his wife
Alzheimer’s Disease: Bilateral
Neuropathology
- Early cortical atrophy: temporal
- Hippocampus
- Parahippocampal regions
- Lateral inferior temporal cortex
- Later changes:
- Diffuse cortical atrophy: temporal parietal
frontal - Anterolateral temporal (temporal pole posterior)
- Orbitofrontal regions (What do you think the clinical
symptoms are with atrophy here?)
Alzheimer’s Disease: Clinical Features
* Stages
Stage I (early): forgetful, disoriented, and careless
* Stage II (middle): forget recent events; impaired math skills
* Stage III (late): no recent memory; past memory impaired
- Other Characteristics
- Language function becomes progressively impaired
- Anomia occurs during Stage 1
- Comprehension is reduced in Stage II
- Language is “lost” completely in Stage III
- Personality changed and poor judgment
- Physical health good until later stages
Treatment for Cognitive-Communication
Deficits (ASHA)
Typically involves:
* Educating persons with TBI, their families, caregivers, and other
significant persons about the nature of deficits, the course of
treatment, and prognosis for recovery
* Training use of a multimodal communication system (e.g.,
spoken language, gestures, sign language, picture
communication, speech-generating and/or written language)
* Considering the individual’s and family’s priorities when
selecting intervention goals-meaningful outcomes are correlated
with functional goals resulting in improved independence and
generalization across social contexts (e.g., home, school,
vocational, community settings)
