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Endo > Instrumentation > Flashcards

Instrumentation Flashcards

1
Q

Diameter of head of Gates Glidden burs

A

1=0.5, 2=0.7, 3=0.9, 4=1.1, 5=1.3, 6=1.5

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2
Q

When does apical transportation occur most?

A

In curved canals enlarged beyond a no. 25 S.S. file

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3
Q

What is cyclic fatigue?

A

Opposite sides of the file receive tension and compression, which eventually breaks the file

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4
Q

What does the EAL measure?

A

Impedance (tells you when you approach or enter the PDL)

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5
Q

When do you treat a curved canal as a straight canal?

A

When the degree of curvature is less than 30 degrees

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6
Q

Two authors who recommend using stainless steel k files to create a glide path?

A

West 2005, Ruddle 2006

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7
Q

What rpm to run K3’s at?

A
  1. At this RPM, they plane.
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8
Q

Who said pre-flaring of canals increases efficacy of rootZX?

A

Ibarrola 1999

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9
Q

Ibarrola 1999

apex locator

A

Pre-flaring of canals increases efficacy of rootZX (although not by an amount that matters clinically) .04 v. .4

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10
Q

Who said: In vivo, the Root ZX can locate the apical constriction within 0.5 mm 82.5% of the time, and is equally accurate in necrotic and vital cases

A

Dunlap 1998

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11
Q

Dunlap 1998

A

In vivo, the Root ZX can locate the apical constriction within 0.5 mm 82.5% of the time, and is equally accurate in necrotic and vital cases

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12
Q

Ounsi and Naaman 1999

A

The Root ZX gave measurements in vitro within a range of 0.5 mm from the apex in 84.72% of the cases. The intra-operator and inter-operator variabilities were not statistically significant. Said just go to the apex, don’t try to measure .5 mm back.

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13
Q

Who said: The Root ZX gave measurements in vitro within a range of 0.5 mm from the apex in 84.72% of the cases. The intra-operator and inter-operator variabilities were not statistically significant

A

Ounsi and Naaman 1999

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14
Q

Who says:Ex vivo, the Elements Diagnostic Unit can locate the apical constriction within 0.5 mm 94.3% of the time

A

Plotino 2006

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15
Q

Plotino 2006

EAL

A

Ex vivo, the Elements Diagnostic Unit can locate the apical constriction within 0.5 mm 94.3% of the time

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16
Q

Who said prognosis of root perfs is dependent on prevention or treatment of bacterial infection at perf site.

A

Fuss and Trope 1996

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17
Q

Fuss and Trope 1996. What are the three things that determine outcome of a root perf?

A

Time: sooner is better
Size: smaller is better
Location: better if not in the critical zone- level of crestal bone and epithelial attachment.

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18
Q

Who showed that neither the first K file or lightspeed instrument to bind at working length accurately reflected the apical constriction diameter? 75% bound one wall. 25% bound zero walls.

A

Wu and Wesselink 2002

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19
Q

What did Wu and Wesselink show in 2002? (first file to bind)

A

That the first file to bind at working length is not necessarily indicative of the apical constriction diameter. 75% of files bound only 1 wall, and 25% no walls.

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20
Q

What is the tip size of S1 and S2 protaper? taper?

A

.17 mm and .20 mm taper: variable

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21
Q

What RPM and torque should S1 and S2 be run at?

A

S1: 300 RPM 3-4 Ncm
S2: 300 RPM 1-1.5 Ncm

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22
Q

Who evaluated the giromatic handpiece in 1967 by rotating a barbed broach a quarter turn in both directions, moving 2-4 mm up and down. Decided not perfect, but can be used with caution.

A

Alfred L. Frank

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23
Q

What did Alfred L. Frank report on in 1967

A

The giromatic handpiece (a barbed broach rotating a quarter turn in both directions.)

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24
Q

Who first advocated standard sizes for files?

A

John Ingle in 55 and 61

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25
Q

What was John Ingle’s argument in 55 and 61?

A

Since improper obturation was leading cause of failures, we need uniformity in instrumentation and filling materials.

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26
Q

What did Gambirini find out about NiTi rotary in 2001?

A

There is statistically higher resistance to cyclic fatigue for NiTi rotary instruments used at lower torque values.

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27
Q

Who showed There is statistically higher resistance to cyclic fatigue for NiTi rotary instruments used at lower torque values.

A

Gambirini 2001

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28
Q

Who showed that the root ZX works equally well in the presence of lidocaine, NaOCl, RC prep, liquid EDTA, 3% H202, peridex

A

Jenkins 2001 (Mears did the same study)

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29
Q

Jenkins 2001 rootzx

A

showed that the root ZX works equally well in the presence of lidocaine, NaOCl, RC prep, liquid EDTA, 3% H202, peridex

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30
Q

Who found that no technique or instrumentation will predictably produce a round prep in the apical portion? (The roundest prep possible is K file with reaming)

A

Jungmann and Uchin 1975

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31
Q

Jungmann and Uchin 1975

A

found that no technique or instrumentation will predictably produce a round prep in the apical portion? (The roundest prep possible is K file with reaming)

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32
Q

Who proved that you don’t need to remeasure length after instrumentation (0.35 mm is the greatest change that occurs in curved MB canals)?

A

Caldwell 1975

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33
Q

What did Caldwell show in 75 about remeasuring length after instrumentation.

A

That you don’t have to, b/c the biggest change is 0.35 mm in curved MB canals.

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34
Q

Who termed apical zip, discussed elbow, teardrop apex and hourglass shape, and argued against reaming?

A

Weine and Kelly

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35
Q

Schilder’s big review of instrumentation in 1974 showed what?

A

That instrumentation is the most important phase of RCT.
Advocated natural flow.
Ok to go outside of apex with fine instruments.
Irrigate with NaOCl
Clean one canal at a time
Make enough room for Calcium hydroxide.

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36
Q

Who showed and in what year that:
That instrumentation is the most important phase of RCT.
Advocated natural flow.
Ok to go outside of apex with fine instruments.
Irrigate with NaOCl
Clean one canal at a time
Make enough room for Calcium hydroxide.

A

Schilder 1974

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37
Q

Who showed that there is less tissue in serially prepared canals, and more penetration of irrigation? (Stepped back to 60, used G.G.?

A

Coffae 1975

38
Q

Who first advocated stepback?

A

Walton 76

39
Q

Who first advocated anticurvature filing?

A

Abou-Rass 80

40
Q

Who first introduced the stepdown technique?

A

Ace Goerig82

41
Q

Who first introduced pressureless crowndown?

A

Morgan and Montgomery 84* better than goerig for quoting crown down.

42
Q

Who advocated balanced force?

A

James Roane 1985

43
Q

Who first advocated stepback with ultrasonic cleaning?

A

Alan Goodman 1985

44
Q

Who first advocated passive stepback?

A

Torbinejad 1994

45
Q

two studies that did not advocate early EALs?

A

Fouad 1990, Hembraugh 1993

46
Q

Who showed that the most favorable histologic conditions are when instrumentation is at or short of the apical constriction? (Did NSRCT, recalled for xrays, biopsied apex)

A

Ricucci 1998

47
Q

What did Ricucci 98 show about working length?

A

the most favorable histologic conditions are when instrumentation is at or short of the apical constriction? (Did NSRCT, recalled for xrays, biopsied apex)

48
Q

Who did original EAL research–first discovered that the electrical resistance between the mucous membrane and the periodontium is the same?

A

Suzuki

49
Q

What did Stabholz and Torbinejad 1995 show about working length?

A

That pre-flaring helped the dentist to “feel the apical constriction better. After preflaring, 75% were within 1 mm of the apex. For non-flared: 32%.

50
Q

Who found that pre-flaring helped the dentist to “feel the apical constriction better. After preflaring, 75% were within 1 mm of the apex. For non-flared: 32%.

A

Stabholz and Torbinejad 1995

51
Q

What did Fuss et al 1996 find about perfs?

A

That an EAL is helpful in determining the location of the perf.

52
Q

Who found that an EAL is helpful in determining the location of a perf.

A

Fuss 1996

53
Q

Who first realized Suzuki’s discovery of electrical resistance between mucous membrane and periodontium? Measured resistance with a direct current.

A

Sunada 1962

54
Q

Kuttler-working length?

A

Instrument 0.5 to 1 mm from radiographic apex b/c distance from major to minor diameter is 0.5 to 0.7 mm

55
Q

Two studies to quote for prognosis for retained instruments?

A 
Spili 2005,
Panitvisai 2010 (meta-analysis)
56
Q

Who did a meta-analysis on retained instruments that said: the prognosis for endodontic treatment when a fractured instrument is left inside a tooth is not significantly reduced?

A

Panitvisai 2010

57
Q

Panitvisai 2010 meta analysis

A

The prognosis for endodontic treatment when a fractured instrument is left inside a tooth is not significantly reduced. (healing has to do with presence of periapical lesion)

58
Q

Who showed less apical extrusion with rotary than hand instruments?

A

Reddy 1998

59
Q

Reddy 1998 (hand v. rotary instruments)

A

Rotary instruments had less apical extrusion than hand instruments.

60
Q

Kenee 2006

A

Rotary and ultrasonics are both better than irrigation alone in removing calcium hydroxide

61
Q

Who said that rotary and ultrasonics are both better than irrigation alone in removing calcium hydroxide?

A

Kenee 2006

62
Q

Metzler and Montgomery 1989

A

At 1 mm from apex, ultrasonics and calcium hydroxide were both significantly better at cleaning the canal system of VITAL tissue than filing alone.

63
Q

Who showed that At 1 mm from apex, ultrasonics and calcium hydroxide were both significantly better at cleaning the canal system of VITAL tissue than filing alone?

A

Metzler and Montgomery 1989

64
Q

Who said that rotary instruments maintain canal curvature better than s.s. hand instruments, especially in apical portion?

A

Schafer, Lohmann 2002

65
Q

What did Schafer and Lohmann 2002 show?

A

Rotary instruments maintain canal curvature better than S.S. hand instruments, especially in apical portion?

66
Q

What did Sonntag 2003 show about rotaries?

A

Comparing quality of root canals done by dental students with rotaries v. hand instruments,
rotaries: less zips and elbows, adequate length achieved more often

67
Q

Who showed that:
Comparing quality of root canals done by dental students with rotaries v. hand instruments,
rotaries: less zips and elbows, adequate length achieved more often

A

Sonntag 2003

68
Q

Who showed that instrument fractures occur an equal percent of the time (1.3%) with rotary or with hand files?

A

Sonntag 2003

69
Q

What did Sonntag 2003 show about instrument fracture?

A

Occurs 1.3% of time, equal in rotaries and hand files

70
Q

Matsuo 2003

A

Even with large rotary instruments, not all of the affected dentin is removed

71
Q

Who showed that even with large rotary instruments, not all of the affected dentin is removed?

A

Matsuo 2003

72
Q

What did Burch and Hulen 1972 show?

A

The apical foramen is 0-3 mm from the radiographic apex

73
Q

Who showed that the apical foramen is 0-3 mm from the radiographic apex?

A

Burch and Hulen 1972

74
Q

Wu, Wesselink and Walton 2000- working length in vital v. PARL teeth?

A

vital: 2-3 mm short of the radiographic apex
PARL: 0-2 mm short of radiographic apex

75
Q

who said you should fill:
vital: 2-3 mm short of the radiographic apex
PARL: 0-2 mm short of radiographic apex

A

Wu, Wesselink and Walton 2000

76
Q

Who said teeth filled more than 2 mm short of radiographic apex have lowered prognosis?

A

Sgogren 1990

77
Q

Who first investigated the use of ultrasonics to disinfect root canals?

A

Martin 1976

78
Q

Who compared in-vivo debridement of mandibular molar mesial canals, and found that canal and isthmus cleanliness was higher in apical area when hand instrumentation was combined with ultrasonics

A

Archer 1992

79
Q

What did Archer 1992 find about ultrasonics?

A

compared in-vivo debridement of mandibular molar mesial canals, and found that canal and isthmus cleanliness was higher in apical area when hand instrumentation was combined with ultrasonics

80
Q

Who studied 8500 root-filled teeth and found (2.1%) with a broken instrument in the final
radiograph. However, a higher failure rate was not found when these cases were compared at follow-up with matched cases without a fracture?

A

Crump and Natkin 1970

81
Q

What is the incidence of broken instruments according to Crump and Natkin 1970?

A

2.1% (hand files)

82
Q

Who did great review on Eradication of endodontic infection by instrumentation and
irrigation solutions?

A

Haapasalo 2005

83
Q

Who introduced niti to endo?

A

Walia 1988

84
Q

What is austenite and martensite

A

Austenite: initial body centered cubic lattice
Martensite: in a close canal, the metal is rearranged into a hexagonal array. The transition back and forth allows files to bend easily around severe curves

85
Q

Who came up with R-phase? Two examples?

A

Sybron. Twisted and K3XF

86
Q

Who came up with Mwire?

A

Developed by dentsply (profile vortex, GT series X, proper next)

87
Q

What is controlled memory NiTi?

A

Can be precurved, then returns to original shape after sterilization

88
Q

What is the schneider technique?

A

Most used for determining the curve of a canal

89
Q

Who invented lightspped?

A

Steve Senia

90
Q

Who invented Protaper

A

Ruddle

Endo (20 decks)

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