Week 1 Flashcards
What was one of the impresive results of early AI efforts?
The Lisp-based ‘Macsyma', a powerful symbolic mathematical system.
What limitations did computers and programs of the 1980s have in terms of AI?
They were far from capturing the fluid, adaptive intelligence of humans in tasks like object perception, language understanding, and contextual actions.
what is the difference between thinking and acting humanly regarding machines
Thinking: creating cognitive processes the same as a human.
Acting: we don’t really care about cognitive processes as long as it behaves as a human and delivers the output.
Define the terms and relationships between them:
- algorithm
- Function
- arguments
algorithm: a set of rules that defines a sequence of operations=computations using arguments
arguments=input values
function= list of instructions that can take arguments, apply an algorithm, and return output.
what is a difference in looking at problems between psychology and AI?
psychology=from top to bottom. behavior or phenomena down to neural explanations: inverse. further down, we don’t have the knowledge (yet) that explains behavior
AI: from bottom to top= forward: We know how behavior is produced because we programmed it.
timeline of important AI related events
what is defined by weak AI according to the turing test
sentient=consciouss
How does de Kleijn et al. define intelligence
in a Turing test?
what is Searle’s notion about strong and weak AI?
He was skeptical in a machine’s capabillity to have human like consciousness (strong AI). –>chinese room. His views emphasize the difference between mere computational processing and genuine understanding or consciousness.
describe the chinese room argument of Searle
Rule-based manipulation of symbols does not constitute intelligence: the
inhabitant of the Chinese room does not understand Chinese.
What is strong AI?
what is a problem in the definition of strong AI according to Dijkstra?
what was Minsky’s contribution to the development of AI?
What is named as the birth of AI?
what is the definition of a symbol system?
a system that:
* uses symbols: In humans=numbers, words, abstract representations. Computers=binary code, letters, or abstract networs
* manipulates symbols occording to known rules
- describe how symbolic AI works:
- name a form of symbolic AI
- what is another name for symbolic systems?
What is the ELIZA system?
How does ELIZA work?
some early planners where susceptible to the sussman anomaly. describe this anomaly by using the “stacking blocks assignment”
regardless with which goal we start we won’t end up with the correct solution. Simple lineaire planningapproaces won’t work, because we need to undo cerctain actions to reach the solution
What was the MYCIN system?
system that diagnosed blood infections.
what happend in the 70s regarding AI?
In the 80’s Connectionism was revived. What was McClelland’s attribution to this?
He contributed to the Model of human memory. founding of PDP work
What does this early PDP work allows us to do regarding retrieving information about for example members?
- Find
propertiesof members - identify a member by properties
- identify general characteristics
What does it mean to say that connectionist AI is: biologically inspired, lesion tolerant and capable of generalization?
what is the key difference between weak and strong AI?
make sure at the end you can answer these questions
