Exam 3 Flashcards
Caused by minor strokes that cut off blood supply to areas of the brain; results in steplike deterioration after each stroke; functioning depends on location and extent of brain damage.
Vascular dementia
Caused by protein deposits called Lewy bodies in neurons. Motor problems, as in Parkinson’s disease; visual hallucinations, attention and alertness problems, unpredictable cognitive functioning.
Lewy body dementia
Early-onset dementia associated with shrinking of the frontal and temporal lobes. Executive function problems (e.g., impulsive behavior) and poor judgment are more common than memory problems. The best known type is Pick’s disease.
Frontotemporal dementia
Caused by a single dominant gene (see Chapter 3). Subcortical brain damage results in involuntary flicking movement of the arms and legs; hallucinations, paranoia, depression, personality changes.
Huntington’s disease
(what diesease) Lewy bodies in subcortical areas of the brain contribute to motor problems (tremors, slowing/ freezing while walking); ,
Parkinson’s disease dementia
Caused by alcohol abuse; memory problems are the primary symptom in what is called Wernicke–Korsakoff’s syndrome.
Alcohol-related dementia
Caused by HIV virus infection. Encephalitis, behavioral changes, decline in cognitive function, progressive slowing of motor functions.
AIDS dementia complex or ADC
elderly adults are mistakenly diagnosed as suffering from dementia when they are actually experiencing
delirium
extra brain power or cognitive capacity that some people can fall back on as aging and disease begin to take a toll on brain functioning
cognitive reserve
located in the senile plaques outside neural cells that are associated with Alzheimer’s disease.
beta-amyloidbeta
twisted strands made of neural fibers and the protein tau within the bodies of neural cell
neurofibril- lary tangles
masses of dying neural material outside neurons with a toxic protein called beta-amyloid at their core
senile plaques
Protein in the neurofibrillary tangles in the bodies of neural cells of individuals with Alzheimers
tau
The individual on a path to Alzheimer’s may be recognized as having
mild cognitive impairment
is the most common subtype of dementia, or major neurocognitive disorder, accounting for over half the cases
Alzheimer’s disease
is a progressive deteriora- tion of neural functioning associated with cognitive decline—for example, memory impairment, declines in tested intellectual abil- ity, poor judgment, difficulty thinking abstractly, and often person- ality changes
Dementia
Way of managing stress that involves dwelling on problems and attempting to analyze them; may help explain higher rates of depression in females than in males.
ruminative coping
Transactional, multifactor model of substance use that envisions a chain of influences starting with a child with a difficult temperament born into troubled family
and ending with involvement in a deviant adolescent peer group.
cascade model of substance use
who is associated with the cascade
a.Izard
b. dodge
c. ainsworth
d. Bowldy
Kenneth Dodge
- a child who is at risk due to a difficult temperament, born into
- an adverse family environment characterized by such prob-
lems as poverty, stress, and substance use, who is - exposed to harsh parenting and family conflict, and therefore
develops - behavior problems, especially aggression and conduct
problems, and therefore is - rejected by peers and gets into more trouble at school,
so that - parents give up trying to monitor and supervise their now
difficult-to-control adolescent, which contributes to - involvement in a deviant peer group, where the adolescent is exposed to and reinforced for drug taking and other deviant
behavior.
Kenneth Dodge and others (2009)
occur when a person continues to use a substance, whether alcohol, marijuana, or something else, despite adverse conse- quences such as putting the individual in physically dangerous situations, interfering with performance in school or at work, or contributing to interpersonal problems.
substance use disorders
the so-called binge–purge syndrome, involves recurrent episodes of consuming huge quantities of food followed by purging activities such as self-induced vomiting, use of laxatives, rigid dieting and fasting, or obsessive exercising
Bulimia nervosa,
involves binge eating without the purging.
Binge eating disorder
A life-threatening eating disorder characterized by failure to maintain a normal weight, a strong fear of weight gain, and a distorted body image; literally, “nervous lack of appetite.”
anorexia nervosa
, a well-established psychotherapy approach that identifies and changes distorted thinking and the maladaptive emotions and behavior that stem from it, has proved especially effective (Brent & Maalouf, 2009; Weisz, McCarty, & Valeri, 2006
Cognitive behavioral therapy
A disorder characterized by attentional difficulties, or overactive and impulsive behavior, or both.
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
function- ing well despite exposure to risk factors for disorder or overcoming even severe early problems to become well adjusted
resilience,
they lack self-control and act out in ways that disturb other people and violate social expec- tations
externalizing problems,
negative emotions are internalized, or bottled up, rather than externalized, or expressed. Internalizing problems include anxiety disorders
internalizing problems
The fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders published by the American Psychiatric Association, which spells out defining features and symptoms for the range of psychological disorders.
DSM-5
the application of reinforce- ment principles to teach skills and change behavior, to shape social and language skills in children with autism
applied behavior analysis (ABA),
A form of autistic spectrum disorder in which the individual has normal or above-average intelligence, has good verbal skills, and wants to establish social relationships but has seriously deficient mindreading and social skills. No longer a separate diagnosis in DSM-5.
Asperger syndrome
Co-occurring, as when two or more psychiatric conditions affect the same individual.
comorbid
Leo Kanner in 1943 first identified and described ____ (which disorder)
Autism
this is associated with what disorder:
- Restricted and repetitive interests and behav- ior.
- Social and communication deficits
autism
The view that psychopathology results from the interaction of a person’s predisposition to psychological problems and the experience of stressful events.
diathesis–stress model
field of study concerned with the origins and course of maladaptive or psychopathological behavior.
developmental psychopathology A
Statistical deviance. Does the person’s behavior fall outside the normal range of behavior? By this criterion, a mild case of the “blahs” or “blues” would not be diagnosed as clinical depression because it is so statistically common, but a more enduring, severe, and persistent case might be.
* Maladaptiveness. Does the person’s behavior interfere with adaptation or pose a danger to self or others? Psychological disorders disrupt functioning and create problems for the individual, other people, or both.
* Personal distress. Does the behavior cause personal anguish or discomfort? Many psychological disorders involve personal suffering and are of concern for that reason alone.
Clinical psychologists, psychiatrists, and other mental health professional broad criteria
intergenerational transmission of parenting, or the passing down from generation to generation of parenting styles, whether abusive or positive
intergenerational transmission
whose social cognitive theory, is observational learning—for example, of a harsh style of parenting and the use of force.
bandora
freud
Erickson
pagnet
bandora
broad term for inadequate care or harmful treatment of a child; encompasses both child abuse and child neglect
child maltreatment
- Adequate financial support
- Good parenting by the custodial parent.
- Good parenting by the noncustodial parent
- minimal conflict between parents
- Additional social support
- Minimal other changes.
- personal resources
influences on family adjustment after divorce
living with a romantic partner without being married, is on the rise, to the point that most marriages
Cohabitation
Convenience: They are in a romantic relationship and want an affordable living arrangement or get tired of commuting to be together.
Trial marriage: They live together to find out whether they are compatible enough to marry.
Alternative to marriage: They have no intention to marry. Some reject the concept of marriage
reasons unmarried people live together
psychological distress associated with the demands of providing care for someone with physical or cognitive impairments
caregiver burden
- the recipient of care has Alzheimer’s disease or another form of dementia
2.the caregiver lacks personal resources such as a secure attach- ment style
- the caregiver lacks social support—especially in the form of a supportive marriage
- cultural and contextual factors do not support caregiving;
Caregiver burden is likely to be heavier if:
women to be the _______ of the family—the ones who keep family members in touch with each other and handle family problems when they arise
kinkeepers
to describe the situation of middle-aged adults pressured by demands from both the younger and the older generations simultaneousy
middle generation squeeze
in which the parent becomes the child and the child becomes the caregiver.
role reversal
