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BIO 226 > Unit 5 > Flashcards

Unit 5 Flashcards

1
Q

chemical concept of a gene

A

structurally stable, self-replicating, resists alterations, inheritable

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2
Q

Molecular hierarchy

A

DNA-genotype-RNA-phenotype-protein

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3
Q

Simplified Central Dogma

A

DNA - Transcription - RNA - amino acid chain - folding - protein

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4
Q

DNA is _________ transferred to RNA molecules

A

unidirectionally

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5
Q

What is self-replicating?

A

DNA and RNA

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6
Q

RdRP

A

dependent RNA Polymesase

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7
Q

How do RNA viruses work?

A

Use antisense (non-coding strand) as genetic material via the activity of RdRP

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8
Q

antisense

A

non-coding strand

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9
Q

Retrotranscriptase (RT)

A

Enzyme that allows RNA to be transcribed back to DNA

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10
Q

Exception to self-replicating rule

A

Prion diseases

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11
Q

Molecular mechanisms behind the transfer of genetic info

A

Transcription and translation

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12
Q

Where does transcription and translation happen in prokaryotes

A

Cytoplasm

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13
Q

Transcription

A

DNA to RNA

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14
Q

Translation

A

RNA to protein

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15
Q

Where is RNA synthesized then transported to?

A

Synthesized in nucleus, transported to the cytoplasm

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16
Q

Where does most of our understanding of transcription processes come from?

A

Study of E. coli infection

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17
Q

Phages

A

DNA viruses that infect bacteria by hijacking the transcription and translation mechanisms

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18
Q

Characteristics of RNA molecules

A

Single stranded
OH group in position 2 of the ribose
uses U instead of T, but when RNA folds U can pair with A or G
Can catalyze reactions

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19
Q

Ribozyme

A

catalytic RNA

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20
Q

Small nuclear RNA

A

snRNA
structural components of spliceosomes

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20
Q

Messenger RNA

A

m RNA
intermediates that carry genetic info from DNA to the ribosomes

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21
Q

Transfer RNA

A

tRNA
adaptors between amino acids and the codons in mRNA

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22
Q

ribosomal RNA

A

rRNA
structural and catalytic components of ribosomes

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23
Q

micro RNA

A

miRNA
short single-stranded RNA that blocks expression of complementary mRNA

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24
Q

general features of RNA synthesis

A

catalyzed by RNA polymerases
processed in 5-3 direction
only coding strand used as template
U instead of T
will be complementary to DNA antisense template strand and identical to DNA contemplate (sense) strand

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25
Q

cDNA

A

the complementary DNA synthesized from RNA template

26
Q

Which DNA strand is used in RNA synthesis

A

template strand

27
Q

What is the RNA produced by transcription of the template strand referred to?

A

sense (+) RNA

28
Q

Transcription is a dynamic event, what does this mean?

A

several events of transcription can be going on at the same time

29
Q

What type of genes are transcribed nonstop

A

housekeeping genes, such as ribosomal RNA

30
Q

Stages of transcription in prokaryotes

A

RNA chain initiation
RNA chain elongation
RNA chain termination

31
Q

RNA polymerases

A

enzymes responsible for decoding DNA to RNA

32
Q

RNA chain initiation

A

RNA polymerase binds to promorter region (forms phosphodiester bonds)

33
Q

Promoter region

A

conserved cis-elements (sequence of DNA) that mark site of binding
Only present on template strand

34
Q

RNA chain elongation

A

chain grows from 5-3

35
Q

RNA chain termination

A

RNA polymerase arrives at termination site, decouples from DNA template, and RNA strand is released

36
Q

Factor dependent termination

A

requires a protein factor (p-dependent)

37
Q

Intrinsic termination

A

requires cis elements (inverted repeat) at end of transcript (p independent)

38
Q

post-transcriptional modifications of mRNA

A

intron splicing
5’ capping
3’ poly-adenylation

39
Q

differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription

A

one RNA polymerase vs 3 (5 in plants)
naked DNA vs chromatin
simple vs complicated transript

40
Q

RNA polymerase 2

A

transcribes mRNA and some functional/non-coding RNA

41
Q

capping

A

unusual 5-5 phosphodiester bond between a methylated guanine nucleotide to the first transcribed nucleotide in the RNA

42
Q

cap purpose

A

transport across nuclear envelope
protect mRNA from cytoplasmic nucleases
recognition on signal for translation machinery

43
Q

poly a tail

A

poly a polymerase recognizes cleaved and processed transcripts as templates to add poly a tail (200 adenines)

44
Q

Poly(a) tail purpose

A

enhance mRNA stability in cytoplasm
promotes translation

45
Q

mature mRNA

A

only coding sequences (no introns)
capped on 5
poly-A tail on the 3

46
Q

What does splicing allow?

A

more alternative genes and to remove introns

47
Q

introns

A

noncoding sequences

48
Q

exons

A

coding sequences

49
Q

R loops

A

formed by 2 nucleic acid strands. Its boundaries mark the interval of an exon in the gene

50
Q

what does a single r loop mean

A

all coding sequence present in the RNA has direct correspondence in its gene. They are the exons

51
Q

Do prokaryotes have introns?

A

no

52
Q

2 mechanisms of splicing in eukaryotes

A

Self splicing and RNA/protein complex mediated splicing

53
Q

self splicing

A

primary transcript with enzymatic activity/ribozyme. No protein involvement or energy required

54
Q

RNA/Protein complex mediated splicing

A

enzymes/snRNA needed to recognize and mediate intron excision (spliceosome). Requires energy

55
Q

Which RNA polymerase does translation use

A

RNA pol 2 - mRNA
RNA pol 1 - all RNA
RNA pol 3 - tRNA

56
Q

tRNA job

A

acts as adapter between codons and amino acids. They fold into 3 different structures that determine its function

57
Q

Which codons don’t have a corresponding tRNA

A

stop codons

58
Q

Hachimoji DNA

A

8 nucleotides
4 biological (A,C,T,G)
4 new synthetic (Z,P,S,B)
can be replicated and transcribed to RNA

59
Q

Properties of genetic code

A

composed of nucleotide triplets, stop, and start codons
non-overlapping
comma-free
is degenerate and nearly universal

60
Q

Wobble Rules

A

tRNA can interact with more than 1 condon

61
Q

amber mutation

A

a premature stop codon

62
Q

amber suppressors

A

mutations in tRNA genes that change the anticodon specificity can re-engineer the genetic code in cells

BIO 226 (6 decks)

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