Evolution Flashcards
The Darwin-Wallace Theory of Evolution is based off of what 4 concepts?
- Variation: Population with varied traits
- Competition: Population will always produce more offspring than environment can support
- Adaptation: Individuals with beneficial adaptations are more likely to survive & pass on genes
- Natural Selection: change in allele frequency
What is Convergent Evolution?
Analogous: Different Ancestors but same solution to similar problems
What is Divergent Evolution?
Homologous: Same ancestors but different morphologies depending on habitat.
What is microevolution?
How adaptations evolve in a particular gene pool.
What is macroevolution?
How adaptations evolve above the species level.
What is the Homologous Pentadactyl Limb
Proof that tetrapods all have a homologous structure.
- 3 parts
- 2 joints
- 5 fingers (fillangies)
What are the methods for examining evolution?
- Fossil Records
- Biogeography
- Comparative Anatomy
- Molecular Biology
Methods for Examining Evolution: What is Biogeography
Studying the distribution of organisms; continental drift, islands
What is a Niche?
The ecological role of an organism, how to fits into a habitat.
Methods for Examining Evolution: What is Comparative Anatomy
Comparing one structure in a number of organisms.
- Comparative Embryology: Development of embryo follows steps during evolution of a species
Methods for Examining Evolution: What is Molecular Biology?
DNA or protein of different species compared – closely related very less than distantly related.
ie: Cytochrome, Histone IV, Hemogoblin
- Can cause: antibiotic resistance (bacteria mutate to resist) and pesticide resistance
What are the Causes of Microevolution?
- Mutations: new alleles
- Genetic Drift: Random changes in allele frequency
- Founder Effect: Few individuals colonizing new areas – their alleles form the new population
- Bottleneck Effect: Few individuals surviving natural disaster
- Geneflow: Change in allele frequencies due to immigration and emigration
- Assortative Mating: Nearby population mate – similar phenotypes
- Natural Selection: Adaptive
What is the Hardy Weinberg equation?
p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1
(p + q = 1)
What are the assumptions of the Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium?
- Large population size
- No migration
- No mutation
- No random mating
- No natural selection
What are the modes or Natural Selection
- Directional: Selection for an extreme – happens during environmental change
- Disruptive: Intermediates are selected against (Either one extreme or the other, no in between)
- Stabilizing: Selection against both extremes – happens in stable environments
