week 5: higher mental processes

Question 1

ways to store information

Answer 1

rehearsal
meaningful learning
internal organization
elaboration (embellishing on new info using previously acquired knowledge and beliefs)
visual imagery (encodinging in a mental picture)

retrieval is easier when stored in connection

Question 2

explantations for forgetting

Answer 2

decay
interference
inhibition
repression
failure to retrieve
construction errror
inssufficient self monitoring
failure to completely stor or consolidate info

Question 3

transfer

Answer 3

process of applying info and skills learned in one situation to learning or performance in another situation

2 situations have to have something in common

Question 4

problem solving

Answer 4

previously learned info is used to address an unanswered question/situation

Question 5

critical thinking

Answer 5

evaluating the accuracy, credibility and worth of info

Question 6

metacognition

Answer 6

cognition about cognition, maintaining and regulating higher mental functions

Question 7

metacognitive skills

Answer 7

orientation: what’s the problem
planning: dividing time
monitoring: am i doing okay
evaluation: am i finished

Question 8

development of metacognitive skills

Answer 8

theory of mind (ability to think about your mind)
realistic ideas of memory
effective learning and retrieval strategies
monitoring

Question 9

what makes self control difficult

Answer 9

misconceptions about effective strategies
wrong on task difficulty
lack of prior knowledge
learner goal different then learning goal
lack of self efficacy

Question 10

problem solving

Answer 10

finding a way to get from an initial state to a goal state

Question 11

insight problems

Answer 11

solution comes by a flash of insight

Question 12

transformation problems

Answer 12

stepwise problems that are solved by a sequence of operations

well- or ill structured
knowledge rich of knowledge lean

Question 13

functional fixedness

Answer 13

we only think of the originial function of a object

Question 14

lack of transfer

Answer 14

some porblems seem different but are the same

low road: spontaneous or automatic
high road: abstraction of underlying principles

Question 15

example base learning

Answer 15

learning how to solve problems by studying examples of the correct procedure

cognitive: worked example
social-cognitive: modeling example

Question 16

examples only

Answer 16

schema building, little effort

Question 17

example-problem pairs

Answer 17

more motivating, allows for retrieval

Question 18

problem-example pairs

Answer 18

difficulties first lead to better processing

Question 19

learning from multimedia material

Answer 19

students need to select organize and integrate the info in the media

Question 20

functions of eye gaze

Answer 20

encoding, signaling, focus attention at the same thing

Gesture cues are effective
gaze cues are not
gender does not matter
first person perspective is effective