Wundt and James

Question 1

What did empiricists believe (bottom up processes)

Answer 1

all knowledge comes from experience
emphasis on perceptions

Question 2

What law is what is experienced together is remembered together

Answer 2

law of contiguity

Question 3

What law experiences trigger memories of similar experiences

Answer 3

Law of resemblance

Question 4

What law has multiple links between experiences that facilitate memory

Answer 4

Law of compound associations

Question 5

Empiricists believe human behaviour is motivated by hedonism… what is hedonism

Answer 5

seeking pleasure and avoiding pain (no such thing as free will)

Question 6

What did rationalists believe (top down processes)

Answer 6

emphasis on thought processes, innate knowledge

Question 7

What are the different degrees of conscious perception

Answer 7

-apperception : highest level of perception and is special to human beings
- petites perception : little perceptions occur bellow the level of awareness, but combinations can reach thresholds (limen) of awareness

Question 8

Describe phrenology as a development in physiology

Answer 8

• Developed by Gall
• morphology (form and structure) of the skull is related to an individuals mental capacity.
• shows personality through bumps and dimples
• TURNED OUT TO BE FALSE

Question 9

Describe Broca and Wernickes area as a development in physiology

Answer 9

-Brocas area = language production
- Wernickes area = language comprehension

Question 10

What is the Bell-Magendie law

Answer 10

How different information (sensory and motor) are carried by different nerve tracks

Question 11

What is Mullers ‘specific nerve energies’

Answer 11

idea that sensory nerves respond in a characteristic way e.g when you get hit on the back of the head u might see light first

Question 12

How did Helmholtz investigate the speed on nerve conduction in frog legs?

Answer 12

• found nerve fibre leading to frog leg and measured how long it takes the stimulation to generate muscle movement
  -estimated speed of nerve conduction is 27.4 m/s
• attempted on humans using reaction times but that didn’t work

Question 13

Who measured psychological phenomena through decision making and pushing a button when you see light

Answer 13

Donder

Question 14

Describe Webers study of just noticeable difference (JND) and Webers Law

Answer 14

• reference weight, lift other weights a decide if its heavier or lighter or the same, see when people notice a difference.
• Webers law: JND is proportional to the magnitude of the original stimulus e.g if you lift a 2kg weight you will only notice a difference if an additional 2kg was added
• VARYING A STIMULUS AND ITS EFFECTS ON CONSCIOUS EXPERIENCE

Question 15

Wundt founded the first lab for experimental psychology in which year

Answer 15

1879

Question 16

What did Wundt say consciousness and psychology is, and the method used

Answer 16

Consciousness= inner phenomena
Psychology = Study of the individual
Method = introspection/self observation

Question 17

What was Wundts goal

Answer 17

To discover basic elements of thought, sensations and feelings

Question 18

Wundt measured the speed of thought (mental chronometry) using what?

Answer 18

reaction time

Question 19

What was James’ movement in psychology

Answer 19

Functionalism

Question 20

What did James believe about consciousness

Answer 20

Contrast to Wundt, consciousness is continuous and can’t be divided up for analysis

Question 21

Who authored the influential book titled “The Principles of Psychology”?

Answer 21

William James