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psychology > nonverbal and verbal communicaiton > Flashcards

nonverbal and verbal communicaiton Flashcards

1
Q

4 types of animal communication

A

VACT
V - visual, colour or display
A - auditory, sound used to warn about danger or they are angry
C - chemical, scent and taste danger or mating
T - tactile to comfort or show dominance

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2
Q

4 functions of animal communication

A

SRTF
S - survival
R - reproduction
T - territory
F - food

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3
Q

Survival funciton examples

A

velvet monkeys use specific sounds to warn others of dangers, such as snakes and hawks.
Rabbits use visual signals. They lift their tail high, pin ears back and leap forward to communicate danger to other rabbits.

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4
Q

Reproduction function examples

A

Mating displays
- Peacocks stretch their feathers like an umbrella to attract females (visual)

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5
Q

Territory function example

A

animals mark territory through spreading scents
- rhinos produce 20-30 piles of dung to communicate the area is occupied
(evolutionary value as it takes less energy than fighting)

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6
Q

Food function examples

A

animals use signals to show location of food
- ants leave a pheromone trail to communicate the locaiton of a food source

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7
Q

How do humans communicate differently from animals

A
  • plan ahead and dicuss future events
  • creativity
  • single versus multiple channels
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8
Q

Displacement

A

the capability of language to communicate about things that are not immediately present

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9
Q

planning ahead (difference between animals and humans)

A

humans can use their language to plan ahead and dicuss future events
Animal communiation tends to focus on things that are physically present in their environment (food or predators)

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10
Q

creativity (difference between animals and humans)

A

animal communication involves a closed system as the gestures, sounds and movements only refer to very specific events (like a warning sound for a hawk coming)
In contrast, human language is an open system as words can be combined together in an infinite number of ways.
- human comm has endless potential, is creative

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11
Q

single vs multiple channels (difference between animals and humans)

A

human language can be expressed using a whole range of different channels, such as: spoken, written or sign language.
This is not a feature of animal comm which tends to use single channels (e.g. pheromones)

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12
Q

verbal vs non verbal communication definition

A

VC - communication that is written or spoken word
NVC - everything else (not written or spoken word)

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13
Q

types of NVC

A

facial expressions, body movements and posture, gestures, eye contact, touch, space, voice

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14
Q

eye contact

A

when two people are looking at each other’s eyes at the same time
(type of NVC)

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15
Q

keeping eye contact shows what

A
  • actively listening
  • interested
  • paying attention
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16
Q

purpose of eye contact

A
  • regulating flow of convo
  • signalling attraction
  • expressing emotions
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17
Q

Direct gaze does what to joy and anger

A

makes the emotion look more intense

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18
Q

avert gaze does what to fear and sadness

A

more the emotion look more intense

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19
Q

effect of maintaining eye contact

A

makes you more attracted. suggesting eye contact is an evolutionary behaviour that shows a potential mate you are interested.

20
Q

Evaluation of eye contact

A

Positive - issue with autistics, they tend not to use eye contact and struggle to read people’s expressions. Real world application - teaching autistics how to read eye contact better to make them better able to deal with social situations
Negative - research into eye contact uses rating scales to make judgements, however asking someone to rate attractiveness as everyone sees attractiveness differently, prone to subjective bias.
- task are often artificial, lacks mundane realism

21
Q

Percentages of types of communication

A

Words = 7%
tone of voice = 38%
body lang = 55%

22
Q

body language includes

A

facial expressions, gestures, posture

23
Q

posture

A

the positioning of the body (NVC)

24
Q

postural echo

A

the copying of another individuals posture
- shows you like the other person (unconscious)

25
Q

types of postures and what they tend to convey

A

closed posture tends to convey rejection or disagreement
open posture tends to convey acceptance or approval

26
Q

with closed posture people seem…

A

unfriendly and less attractive

27
Q

touch

A

physical contact between two people, includes:
- handshakes
- touching someone’s arm
- hugs, a pat
- kissing
It builds emotional connection and is fundamental to social communication

28
Q

evaluation of body lang research

A

Positive - real life application, use it to develop better relations with others
Negative - unethical, deception involved during studies (in order for no DCs to occur)
Negative - researcher bias, may behave differently with the experimental group compared to the control
Negative - often field studies, control of EV is made harder

29
Q

personal space

A

the distnace we keep between ourselves and others in everyday life where we feel comfortable

30
Q

levels of personal space (from furthest to closest)

A

public (7m)
Social (3m)
Personal (1.2m)
Intimate (0.5m)

31
Q

factors of personal space

A

Sex
Cultural
Status

32
Q

intimate level (Personal space)

A

involves direct physical contact, e.g. hugging and touching, to whispering

33
Q

personal distance (Personal space)

A

interaction between family members, friends and good acquaintances take place here

34
Q

social distance (Personal space)

A

maintained between colleagues in formal settings, new acquaintances and strangers in public places. if a stranger moves beyond these boundaries, it’s uncomfortable and threatening.

35
Q

public distance

A

space for speaking in front of the larger audience (e.g. classrooms, auditorians, theaters etc)

36
Q

sex differences in personal space

A

men prefer more distance when interacting with other men, women do not need as much space
- men prefer to sit opposite to eachother
- women prefer sitting side to side

37
Q

cultural differences in personal space

A

arabs = prefer being closer
westerners = prefer being further
Arab nations see westerners as unfriendly because that

38
Q

Status differences in person space

A

people of higher status are accorded more personal space than those of a lower status (king)
- more likely to stand back and give them space.

39
Q

Evaluation of personal space research

A

positive - helps reduce misunderstandings when dealing with people in different SCS
- don’t offend people and helps professionals like doctors learn how to deal with different types of patients
negative - only look at one factor with personal space when severeal factors may be influential (e.g. personality), makes it reductionist
Negative - unrep samples in research into culture, gender and status. gen with caution, e.g. some eng men may prefer closer personal space, arabs the opposite

40
Q

neonate

A

name given to newborn babies

41
Q

sensory deprived

A

an animal or human who does not have a particular sensory ability
- seeing
- hearing
(blind from birth)

42
Q

why does evidence about NVC being innate use neonates

A

they have less time for it to have been learned

43
Q

social releasers

A

certain characteristics which elicit care giving

44
Q

bowlby theory

A

Babies promote attachment from their caregiver by giving off social releasers, this
increases the chances of bonding and that the baby will be taken care of e.g. fed and
protected by the mother. Therefore more likely to survive and pass on its own genes

45
Q

features that bowlby believes promote a mothers love to a baby

A
  • snub nose
  • big eyes
  • big forehead
  • laughing
  • giving eye contact
46
Q

natural selection

A

process by which behaviours which ensure survival are passed down through generations
- bowlby argued babies possess insticts to ensure survival

47
Q
A

psychology (18 decks)

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