Classical Conditioning Flashcards
When using second-order conditioning:
A. the CS acts as a US.
B. the US acts as a CS.
C. the CS is presented with more than one US.
D. stimuli similar to the original CS are paired with the US.
Answer A is correct. Second-order conditioning involves using the initial CS (e.g., a ringing bell) as a US by pairing it with a second neutral stimulus (e.g., a blinking light) so that the second neutral stimulus also becomes a CS and elicits a CR (e.g., salivation) when presented alone.
Pavlov found that requiring dogs to make difficult discriminations between similar stimuli caused which of the following?
A. superstitious behavior
B. overshadowing
C. latent inhibition
D. experimental neurosis
Answer D is correct. While conducting studies on stimulus discrimination, Pavlov found that requiring the dogs to make difficult discriminations caused them to become extremely agitated and uncharacteristically aggressive, and he referred to these behaviors as experimental neurosis.
Pavlov found that a CS elicits:
A. a similar amount of salivation as the US regardless of the conditioning procedure used.
B. a slightly greater amount of salivation than the US when delay conditioning was used.
C. a smaller amount of salivation than the US regardless of the conditioning procedure used.
D. a smaller or larger amount of salivation than the US, depending on which conditioning procedure used.
Answer C is correct. Pavlov found that a CS (e.g., a ringing bell) always elicited a response of less intensity or magnitude than the response elicited by the US (e.g., meat powder) regardless of the number of pairings of the CS and US or which conditioning procedure was used.
One explanation for __________ is that the second neutral stimulus does not provide any new information about the occurrence of the unconditioned stimulus.
A. stimulus discrimination
B. blocking
C. latent inhibition
D. higher-order conditioning
Answer B is correct. According to Rescorla and Wagner (1972), blocking occurs because the initial neutral stimulus (the conditioned stimulus) already predicts the occurrence of the unconditioned stimulus. Consequently, an association between the second neutral stimulus and the US is not made because the second neutral stimulus provides redundant information about the US.
The most effective conditioning procedure is __________ conditioning.
A. simultaneous
B. backward
C. delay
D. trace
Answer C is correct. Of the conditioning procedures, delay conditioning is most effective and involves presenting the CS so that it precedes and overlaps presentation of the US.
