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1.1 pom cells > Epithelial Cells and Tissues > Flashcards

Epithelial Cells and Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

What 3 things do tissues consist of?

A
  1. Cells
  2. ECM
  3. Fluid
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2
Q

What is extracellular matrix?

A

Insoluble deposits by cells

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3
Q

What 2 things does ECM consist of?

A
  1. Fibrillar proteins
  2. Hydrated gel
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4
Q

Where is ECM poorly vs highly organised?

A
  • Poor: loose connective tissue
  • High: tendon, bone, basal lamina
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5
Q

What are the 5 main cell types?

A
  1. Connective tissue
  2. Contractile
  3. Haematopoietic
  4. Neural
  5. Epithelial
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6
Q

What are the 6 types of tumours?

A
  1. Carcinomas (epithelial)
  2. Sarcomas (mesenchymal-connective/muscle)
  3. Leukemias (bone marrow)
  4. Lymphomas (lymphocytes)
  5. Neuroblastomas (neurones)
  6. Gliomas (glial)
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7
Q

What do epithelial cells do?

A

Line surfaces
- Transport
- Absorption
- Secretion
- Protection

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8
Q

What are the 3 types of epithelial cell shape?

A
  1. Squamous
  2. Cuboidal
  3. Columnar
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9
Q

What are the 2 types of epithelial cell layering?

A
  1. Simple
  2. Stratisfied
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10
Q

What are the 5 types of epithelium?
recognise images

A
  1. Simple squamous
  2. Simple cuboidal
  3. Simple columnar
  4. Stratified squamous
  5. Pseudo-stratified
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11
Q

Where are the 3 locations of simple squamous epithelium and why?

A
  1. Alveoli
  2. Mesothelium (major cavities)
  3. Bloos vessels
    - Thin for gas exchange
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12
Q

What is the location of simple cuboidal epithelium?

A

Ducts

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13
Q

Where is simple columnar epithelium found?

A

Gut
- Absorption/secretion

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14
Q

What are the 2 types of stratified squamous epithelium and what are the differences in function, organelles, location, LM visibility?

A

Keratinised vs Non-keratinised
- Protective vs lining
- None vs all
- Epidermis (skin) vs mouth/oesophagus/anus/cervix/vagina
- Not visible vs visible

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15
Q

Where is pseudo-stratified epithelium found and how can it be identified?

A
  • Trachea, bronchi, urinary ducts, reproductive ducts
  • Looks multi-layered but all cells have contact with basal lamina
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16
Q

What are the 3 types of epithelium function?

A
  1. Transporting
  2. Absorptive
  3. Secretory
17
Q

How do epithelial functions maintain directionality?

A

Plasma membrane polarity

18
Q

What are the 2 domains for polarity in epithelial cells and how are they distinguished?

A
  1. Apical
    - Lumenal side
  2. Basolateral
    - Basal lamina side (contact with ECM)

-Separated by cell-to-cell junction

19
Q

How are transporter epithelial cells polarised and what is the result of this?

A
  • Ion pumps all on 1 domain
  • Net unidirectional flow of ions
20
Q

How are secretory epithelial cells polarised and what is the result of this?

A
  • Secretory vesicles all on 1 domain
  • Net unidirectional flow of chemical
21
Q

What are 3 adaptations of transporting epithelium?

A
  • Many ion transporters
  • Many mitochondria near transporters
  • Folded membrane inc SA
22
Q

What is the adaptation of secretory epithelium?

A

Mitochondria concentrated at basolateral domain end

23
Q

What are the 2 adaptations of absorptive epithelium?

A
  1. Carrier proteins at brush-border membranes
  2. Villi to inc SA
24
Q

What are the 2 types of secretory cells?

A
  1. Exocrine —> into duct/lumen
  2. Endocrine —> into bloodstream
25
Q

How is secretory epithelium arranged?

A

Tubules
Glands
Individual

26
Q

What is the difference between the organelle arrangement in exocrine vs endocrine secretory cells?

A

Exocrine: Nucleus at basal end and secretory vesicles at apical end
Endocrine: Nucleus at apical end and secretory vesicles at basal end

27
Q

How are damaged/dead epithelial cells replaced?

A

Proliferation of stem cells in epithelium

28
Q

How are epithelial cells lost from tips of intestinal villi replaced?

A

By cells in intestinal crypts

29
Q

Why do some chemotherapies have gastro-intestinal side effects?

A

Inhibit proliferation of intestinal crypt cells —> villi not replaced —> flat intestinal mucosa

30
Q

What can form when the rate of epithelial cell proliferation is higher than death?

A

Adenoma

31
Q

Why might benign adenomas become cancerous?

A

High risk of acquiring mutations

32
Q

How are cells lost from surface epidermis replaced? (stratified squamous epithelia)

A

Basal layer cells divide —> differentiate (squamous and keratinised) whilst migrating to skin surface

33
Q

What forms when there is hyperproliferation of epidermis cells?

A

Skin lumps (corns/callouses/warts)

33
Q

Which infection can induce hyperproliferation?

A

Papilloma virus

34
Q

What are 2 examples of normal physiological hypoproliferations/hyperproliferations?

A
  1. Lose/make uterus lining during menstruation
  2. Make/lose epithelial glands in breast post-pregnancy

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