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psychology > Dement and Kleitman (Sleep & Dreams) > Flashcards

Dement and Kleitman (Sleep & Dreams) Flashcards

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1
Q

Psychology Being Investigate

A
  • Sleep
  • Ultradian Rhythms
  • Dreams
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2
Q

Aims

A
  • Dream recall in REM vs. non-REM.
  • Link between dream length estimation and REM period.
  • Relationship between eye movement pattern and dream content.
  • Correlation between REM length and words in dream narrative.
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3
Q

Research Methodology

A

Used experiment and correlation.
Qualitative data collected via interviews.
Independent variables in three aims; correlation in the fourth.
Post-dream recall interviews conducted occasionally.

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4
Q

Design and Variable: Aim 1

A

IV: REM or non-REM.
DV: Dream content recall.

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5
Q

Design and Variable: Aim 2

A

IV: 5 or 15 minutes.
DV: Dream length estimation.

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6
Q

Design and Variable: Aim 3

A

IV: Eye movement pattern.
DV: Dream description.

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7
Q

Design and Variable: Aim 4

A

Co-variable 1: REM duration.
Co-variable 2: Words in dream narrative.

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8
Q

Sample

A
  • 7 males, 2 females (9 participants).
  • 5 intensively studied (6-17 nights), 4 for confirmation (1-2 nights).
  • Study in a University of Chicago sleep laboratory.
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9
Q

Participant’s Instructions

A
  • Arrive before regular bedtime.
  • Maintain a normal diet, avoid caffeine and alcohol on the experiment day.
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10
Q

Recording Devices & Placement

A
  • EOG records eye movements
  • EEG records brain waves for REM/non-REM determination
  • Two near eyes (EOG) and two or three on the scalp (EEG).
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11
Q

Procedure when taken to bed

A
  • Led to a dark, quiet room.
  • Wires secured to prevent tangling.
  • EEG operational in an adjacent room throughout the night.
  • Had a doorbell beside their bed, loud enough to wake them up
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12
Q

Awakenings During the Night

A
  • Awakened during REM and non-REM stages.
  • Loud doorbell ensures waking during any sleep stage.
  • Questioned about dream experience upon awakening.
  • Instructed to describe dream content using a recording device.
  • Encouraged to return to sleep.
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13
Q

Example of Dream Content and Eye Movement

A
  • Vertical Eye Movement: looking at climbers on a cliff, climbing a ladder, throwing a basketball.
  • Horizontal Eye Movement: watching two people throwing tomatoes at each other.
  • Mixed Eye Movement: talking to a group of people, searching for something, fighting with someone
  • Little to No Eye Movement: driving a car
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14
Q

Results: Aim 1

A

Dream recall more in REM (152/191) than non-REM (11/160).

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15
Q

Results: Aim 2

A
  • Participants accurately distinguished dream duration.
  • Guessed 5 minutes correctly 88% of the time (45/51).
  • Guessed 15 minutes correctly 78% of the time (47/60).
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16
Q

Results: Aim 3

A
  • Different eye movement patterns correlated with dream content.
17
Q

Results: Aim 4

A

Moderate positive correlation between REM duration and words in dream narrative.

18
Q

Conclusions

A

Dreaming most in REM periods, objectively measurable by recording REM cycles.

19
Q

Ethical Issues

A
  • Researchers used participants’ initials in results.
  • Identity of participants kept confidential.
  • No private information shared to prevent embarrassment.
  • Ensured secrecy about dream content in public disclosure.
20
Q

Standardization

A
  • Conducted as a laboratory experiment.
  • Researchers controlled and manipulated variables.
    • Uniform equipment for all participants.
    • Consistent placement of electrodes on the head.
    • Standardized sleeping conditions: bed in a quiet, dark room.
    • Consistent awakening method: loud doorbells ensuring wakefulness from deep REM sleep.
21
Q

Validity

A
  • Researchers ensured no one else was present in the room.
  • Eliminate potential influence on participants’ dream narrative.
  • Increased validity by avoiding experimenter effect.
  • Ensured more accurate and unbiased dream reports.
22
Q

Objectivity

A

Quantitative Data:
- Number of words in dream narrative correlated with REM sleep time.
- Avoid researcher bias in interpreting data.
- Increased validity through objective quantitative analysis.
- Reduction of subjectivity in interpreting dream content.
Scientific Experiment:
- EEG used to objectively measure sleep stages.
- Quantitative data from brain waves (frequency, amplitude).
- Reduces subjective interpretation by researchers.
- Increases validity of the data.
- Assures clarity on whether participants were in REM or non-REM sleep when awakened.

23
Q

Generalizability

A
  • Sample only had 5 participants
  • Significant variation in sleep cycle duration observed.
  • One participant had with an eye movement period every 70 minutes, another every 104 minutes.
  • Caution urged in generalizing results due to individual differences.
  • Limitation in the study’s external validity.
24
Q

Ecological Validity

A
  • Participants slept in a laboratory with attached electrodes.
  • Potential impact on relaxation and comfort levels.
  • Possible disturbance to normal sleep patterns.
  • Limitation in applying findings to everyday home sleep conditions.
  • Consideration for the influence of caffeine and alcohol on sleep patterns.
25
Q

Application to Everyday Life

A
  • EEG can determine REM or non-REM sleep stages.
  • Supports the diagnosis of sleep issues tied to specific sleep stages.
  • Some sleep disorders manifest in particular stages.
  • Comparing EEG patterns to typical sleepers aids psychologists in identifying differences.
  • Assists in tailoring effective treatment strategies for individuals with sleep issues.
26
Q

Nature vs. Nurture

A
  • REM sleep associated with more dreams, suggesting innate biological mechanism.
  • Regular, universal occurrence of REM periods supports a biologically determined ultradian rhythm.
  • Diverse dream content reflects the impact of individual life experiences.
  • Illustrates a combination of both nature and nurture in shaping sleep and dreams.

psychology (12 decks)

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