CHAPTER 5 - Political ideologies Flashcards
What is an ideology?
An ideology is a set of ideas or beliefs that shape a person or a group’s view of the world, and that often guide their actions and goals.
How do the ideologies view the significance of market and state?
Political ideologies often have different views about the role of the market and the state in society. For example, liberal ideologies tend to advocate for a market-based economy with a smaller state role, while socialist or communist ideologies tend to favour a larger state role in regulating the economy and achieving greater social equality.
How do the political ideologies view humans and society?
Political ideologies also have different views about humans and society, including beliefs about freedom, equality, justice, and power. For example, conservative ideologies often emphasize the value of tradition, individualism and free market, while progressive or radical ideologies often emphasize the importance of social justice and human welfare over market outcomes.
What is populism?
Populism is a political style that often appeals to ordinary people or “the common people”, often with appeals to nationalism and resistance against elites and established institutions.
How do the political parties act in relation to each other?
Political parties often compete with each other for votes and power, using a range of strategies such as forming alliances or coalitions, attacking their opponents’ policies and leadership, or trying to mobilize their own supporters through campaigning and messaging. The relationships between political parties can be complex and dynamic, shifting over time depending on various factors such as changing voter preferences, shifting power balances between parties, and the challenges of governing in a diverse and changing society.
Capitalism
Capitalism is a system of economic organization based on private ownership and the operation of the means of production to make a profit. The factors of production are owned and controlled by individuals or corporations who operate them for their own benefit. The market determines how goods and services are produced, distributed, and priced.
The comparative method
The comparative method is a research method used in political science to compare different political systems, institutions or processes. This method enables the researcher to identify similarities, differences and patterns and identify causal relationships.
Conservatism
Conservatism is a political ideology that emphasizes traditional values, such as family, religion, law and order, and national security. Conservative groups are often opposed to dramatic social and economic changes and instead prefer gradual change and stability.
Downs’ model
Downs’ model is a model used to analyze elections and voting behaviour. It uses a rational voter approach to assume that voters will vote in their best interest and will be influenced by factors such as party identification, policy preferences, and the media.
Issue-voting
Issue-voting is a voting behaviour where the electorate base their decisions on specific issues rather than voting for a political party or candidate due to larger ideological beliefs.
The left-right axis
The left-right axis refers to a political spectrum used to measure and classify political attitudes and ideologies. The left side is usually associated with socialism, progressivism, and liberal ideas while the right side is usually associated with conservatism, traditionalism, and conservative ideas.
Left-wing
Left-wing ideology emphasizes social equality and cooperation, often in the form of collective action, state intervention, and redistribution of wealth.
Liberalism
Liberalism is an ideology that emphasizes individual rights, freedom, and autonomy. Liberals advocate for a society in which the individual is free to succeed or fail without direction or interference.
Marxism
Marxism is a political and economic theory that advocates for a classless society in which resources and wealth are distributed equally. Marxism emphasizes the role of labour and views capitalism as exploitative of the working class.
Modern values
Modern values refer to the social, economic, and political attitudes that are associated with cultural and economic modernization. Individuals with modern values tend to be more liberal, cosmopolitan, and open to change.
