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Clin. Bacteriology (Lecture) > GRAM POS BACILLI > Flashcards

GRAM POS BACILLI Flashcards

1
Q

Non-spore forming
Non-branching
Catalase Positive bacilli

A

Corynebacterium
Rothia
Listeria

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2
Q

Non-spore forming
Non-branching
Catalase negative bacilli

A

Gardnerella
Arcanobacterium
Lactobacillus
Erysipelothrix
Kurthia

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3
Q

Non-spore forming
Branching
Aerobic Actinomycetes

A

Nocardia
Other Actinomycetes

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4
Q

Spore-forming
Gram positive bacilli

A

Bacillus
Clostridia

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5
Q

Obligate aerobes, non-bulging spores

A

Bacillus

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6
Q

Obligate anaerobes, bulging spores

A

Clostridia

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7
Q

Morphology
Club shaped or coryneform like
Small pleomorphic rods
Diphtheria-like
Chinese lettering
Palisade arrangement

A

Corynebacteria

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8
Q

Corynebacterium glucose and maltose fermenters, except:

A

C. urealyticum
C. pseudodiphtheriticum

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9
Q

Toxin of C. diphtheriae

A

Diphtheria Toxin

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10
Q

Respiratory Diphtheria

exudative membrane is aka?

A

Pseudomembrane (gray white)

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11
Q

Bull Neck Appearance

A

Respiratory Diphtheria

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12
Q

DOC for C. diphtheriae

A

Penicillin
Erythromycin (best)

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13
Q

V or L shapes morphology

A

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

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14
Q

Metachromatic granules of C. diphtheriae when stained with Loeffler’s Methylene Blue

A

Babes-Ernst granules/Volutin granules

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15
Q

Media to be used for cultivation of diphtheria bacillus

A

Modified Tinsdale Agar
Cystine-Tellurite Blood Agar
Leoffler’s Serum Agar

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16
Q

Growth in Loeffler’s Serum Agar (Pai Agars)

A

6-8 hrs incubation
DISTINCT YELLOW TINT

*serum slant no longer recommended

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17
Q

CTBA growth

A

Black to Brownish colonies: reduction of tellurite to tellurium

Gray to Black colonies: media is differential

Brown Halo: breaking down of cystine (cystinase activity)

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18
Q

Positive for CTBA, brown halo

A

C. diphtheriae
C. ulcerans
C. pseudotuberculosis

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19
Q

Modified Tinsdale Agar growth

A

Tinsdale halo: brown colored (organism used tellurite to produce H2S)

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20
Q

Tests for Toxigenicity of C. diphtheriae

A

In-Vivo Test: guinea pig, rarely done
In-Vitro Test: immunodiffusion test by Elek

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21
Q

Filter paper strip impregnated with diphtheria antitoxin

A

Elek plate

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22
Q

Pos result for In-Vitro Test by Elek

A

Fine precipitin lines at 45 degree angle to the streaks (strain produced toxin)

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23
Q

Intradermal Test to find the immune status of person who received vaccine for C. diphtheriae

A

Schick Test

Principle: Toxin Antitoxin Neutralization

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24
Q

Positive result for Schick Test

A

Eythema and Swelling after 24 to 36 hours
(individual is susceptible)

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25
Q

Other medically important Corynebacteria are called:

A

Diphtheroid (non-diphtheria Corynebacteria)

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26
Q

Formerly CDC Group JK

A

C. jeikeium
- named after Johnson and Kaye
- DOC: Vancomycin

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27
Q

Formerly CDC Group D-2

A

C. urealyticum

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28
Q

Has metachromatic granules and does not ferment sucrose like C. diphtheriae

A

C. xerosis

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29
Q

veterinary pathogen causing mastitis in CATTLES

A

C. ulcerans

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30
Q

vet pathogen producing dermonecrotic toxin causing lymphadenitis in SHEEP

A

C. pseudotuberculosis

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31
Q

C. diphtheriae, ulcerans, and pseudotuberculosis have POSITIVE CTBA, differentiate them.

A

C. diphtheriae is UREASE NEGATIVE
C. ulcerans and C. tuberculosis are UREASE POSITIVE

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32
Q

Also known as Hoffman’s Bacillus
Does not show pleomorphic morphology

A

C. pseudodiphtheriticum

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33
Q

Produces yellowish green soluble pigment

A

C. striatum

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34
Q

Undesignated CDC Coryneform Groups

A

CDC Group G

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35
Q

Immunization sched for DPT

A

6th week
10th week
14th week

Boosters: (2)
16-24th months
5 years

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36
Q

Found in saliva and supragingival plague

A

Rothia dentocariosa

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37
Q

R. dentocariosa in BROTH and SOLID MEDIA

A

Broth: coccoid and bacilli
Solid Media: branched filaments

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38
Q

Biochem tests for R. dentocariosa

A

Nitrate P
Esculin Hydrolysis P
Urease N

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39
Q

Listeria are motile at what temp

A

25 degree C

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40
Q

Only pathogenic Listeria

A

L. monocytogenes

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41
Q

Virulence Factors of Listeria and their functions (4)

A

HIAP

  1. Hemolysin (Listeriolysin O)
    - major
    - survival within pathocytes
  2. Internalin
    - cell surface protein
    - induces phagocytosis
  3. Act A
    - induces actin polymerization
    - cell to cell spread
  4. Phospholipases
    - escape from WBCs
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42
Q

Listeriosis in pregnant women is at what trimester

A

3rd

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43
Q

Tumbling motility, end over end

A

L. monocytogenes

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44
Q

Listeria monocytogenes growth pattern in SIM medium at 22-25C overnight

A

Umbrella Pattern Growth

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45
Q

Differentiates L. monocytogenes from other beta-hemolytic listeria species

A

CAMP Test

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46
Q

what bacteria is used in CAMP Test for L. monocytogenes

A

Rhodococcus equi

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47
Q

Pos res for CAMP Test for L. monocytogenes

A

Block pattern type of hemolysis
(+) L. monocytogenes

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48
Q

Differentiation of pathogenic Listeria species from the nonpathogenic ones

ID is based on enzyme phospholipases activity

A

New Oxoid Chromogenic Listeria Agar

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49
Q

Pos res for NOCLA

A

Turquoise colonies with halo
(+) L. monocytogenes

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50
Q

Differentiate L. monocytogenes and Corynebacterium spp.

Catalase Test
Esculin Hydrolysis
Motility
CAMP Test
6.5% NaCl

A

L. monocytogenes: +++++
Corynebacteria: +-VVV

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51
Q

Only considered human pathogenic Erysipelothrix

A

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae

Erysipelothrix: red skin, thread
Rhusiopathiae: red disease

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52
Q

Localized infection usually in the hands or fingers
Resembles streptococcal erysipelas
Self limiting

A

Erysipeloid

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53
Q

Differentiates Erysipelothrix from Lactobacillus Listeria Kurthia

A

H2S POSITIVE

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54
Q

Differentiate E. rhusiopathiae from E. tonsillarum

A

E. rhusiopathiae: SUCROSE NEGATIVE

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55
Q

morphology of E. rhusiopathiae in GELATIN STAB

A

Test-tube brush appearance at 22C

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56
Q

E. rhusiopathiae is susceptible to:

A

Penicillin
Erythromycin
Cephalosporin
Clindamycin

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57
Q

Kurthia benssonnii may appear ___ in cultures more than 3 days old

A

Coccoid cells

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58
Q

Describe Kurthia benssonnii

A

Motile by peritrichous flagella
Non hemolytic colonies
Oxidase NEGATIVE

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59
Q

3 significant spp of Arcanobacterium

Happy Birthday (Ha Py Ber-diae)

A

A. haemolyticum
A. pyogenes
A. bernardiae

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60
Q

Recovered from 10-20 yo patients with pharyngitis

A

Arcanobacterium haemolyticum

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61
Q

Pleomorphic, GP rods, RUDIMENTARY BRANCHING

A

Arcanobacterium haemolyticum

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62
Q

These are observed when the colony of Arcanobacterium haemolyticum is SCRAPED

A

Black Opaque Dots (pitting of the agar)

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63
Q

The CAMP Test for Arcanobacterium haemolyticum uses ______

A

Group B Streptococcus (S. agalactiae)

*CAMP Test for Group B Strep: S. aureus
*CAMP Test for L. monocytogenes: Rhodococcus equi

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64
Q

Created to accommodate non beta hemolytic lancefield group N strep

A

Genus Lactococcus

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65
Q

Important for maintaining proper pH balance in vaginal secretions

Aerotolerant anaerobe, non motile

Low pathogenicity, probiotic bacteria

A

Lactobacillus

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66
Q

Growth of Lactobacillus acidophilus on 5% SBA

A

Pinpoint, Alpha hemolytic (resembling Strep)
Rough gray colonies

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67
Q

Lactobacillus acidophilus grow at what pH

A

3-4

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68
Q

Lactobacillus acidophilus ferments:

MSG Vetsin

A

Maltose
Sucrose
Glucose

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69
Q

Gram Positive but with THINNER PEPTIDOGLYCAN (significantly)

A

Gardnerella vaginalis

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70
Q

Disease: polymicrobial, normal lactobacilli in the vagina are replaced by high conc of bacteria

Lactobacilli are either absent or few

A

Bacterial Vaginosis

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71
Q

Gardnerella vaginalis increases the vaginal pH greater than _

A

4.5

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72
Q

One of the most common causes of vaginal discharge

A

Bacterial Vaginosis

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73
Q

Characterized by FOUL SMELLING, EXCESSIVE PURULENT VAGINAL DISCHARGE (MALODOROUS)

A

Bacterial Vaginosis

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74
Q

Characteristic finding of G. vaginalis

A

CLUE CELLS

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75
Q

Large squamous vaginal epithelial cell to which bacteria have attached

A

CLUE CELLS

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76
Q

Scoring system for gram stain of vaginal smears

A

Nugent Scoring System

77
Q

Nugent Scoring System is a scoring for:

A

Lactobacillus
Gardnerella
Mobiluncus spp.

78
Q

Pos res for Amine Test/Whiff Test

A

Fishy amine-like odor

79
Q

Solution used in Amine Test or Whiff Test

A

10% KOH

80
Q

Gardnerella vaginalis

Grows on:
Does not grow on:

A

Grows on 5% SBA, CAP
Does not grow on MAC

81
Q

Columbia CNA contains these antibiotics to prevent ____

A

Colistin
Nalidixic Acid

prevent overgrowth of GN orgs

82
Q

This is a CNA Medium with the addition of AMPHOTERICIN B

A

HBT (Human Blood Bilayer Tween) - beta - hemolytic

83
Q

This media is a selective medium used to isolate G. vaginalis

A

HBT (Human Blood Bilayer Tween) - beta - hemolytic

84
Q

Function of amphotericin B in HBT medium

A

Prevent the overgrowth of Yeasts and Filamentous fungi

85
Q

What diseases have POSITIVE WHIFF TEST

A

Bacterial Vaginosis
Vaginalis Trichomonas

86
Q

Normal vaginal pH

Normal discharge

Microscopic

A

3.8-4.2

White, thin, flocculent

Lactobacilli, epithelial cells

87
Q

pH in

  1. Bacterial Vaginosis
  2. Vaginalis Trichomonas
  3. Candida Vulvovaginitis
A
  1. > 4.5
  2. 4.5
  3. <4.5
88
Q

Discharge of

  1. Bacterial Vaginosis
  2. Vaginalis Trichomonas
  3. Candida Vulvovaginitis
A
  1. Thin, white (milky), gray
  2. Yellow, green, frothy
  3. White, curdy, “cottage cheese”
89
Q

Microscopic findings in Bacterial Vaginosis

A

Clue Cells
Adherent cocci
NO WBCS

90
Q

Microscopic findings of Vaginalis Trichomonas

A
  1. Trichomonads
  2. WBC >10/hpf
91
Q

Microscopic findings in Candida Vulvovaginitis

A
  1. Budding Yeast
  2. Hyphae
  3. Pseudohyphae
92
Q

Partially acid fast or modified acid fast positive bacteria

A

Nocardia

93
Q

Cell wall of Nocardia have _________ (shorter than mycobacteria)

A

Mycolic Acids

*stain with routine acid fast rgt carbolfuchsin
*able to retain carbolfuchsin dye when decolorized with 1-4% SULFURIC ACID

94
Q

Virulence of Nocardia is associated with the production of large amounts of

A

Cord Factor (trehalose 6-6’ dimycolate)

95
Q

Most notable Nocardia spp

A

Nocardia asteroides

96
Q

Colonies of Nocardia asteroides

A

Star-shaped colonies

97
Q

Pulmonary Infection

Common manifestations of Nocardia infection among immunocompromised patients

A

Confluent bronchopneumonia (usually chronic but my also be acute or relapsing)

98
Q

Cutaneous Infections

Associated with most primary cutaneous infections that usually result from trauma

A

Nocardia brasiliensis

99
Q

Chronic subcutaneous infection caused by fungi

A

Mycetoma

*Actinomycetoma: if caused by actinomycetes

100
Q

Colonial appearance of Nocardia in routine agar

A

Chalky, matte/velvety, dry and crumbly like breadcrumbs

101
Q

Nocardia asteroides grow on this agar at 37C

A

7H10 agar medium

102
Q

Due to the growth of ______, colony color of Nocardia ranges from chalky white to orange and salmon pink

A

Aerial hyphae

103
Q

This actinomycetes resembles Klebsiella spp. colonies on SBA

A

Rhodococcus (salmon pink pigment)

104
Q

These actinomycetes can be detected using 16srRNA gene sequencing

A
  1. Tsukamurella
  2. Tropheryma whipplei
105
Q

This actinomycetes is not culturable on artificial media

It is also a facultative INTRACELLULAR pathogen

A

Tropheryma whipplei

106
Q

CA of Whipple’s Disease

A

Tropheryma whipplei

107
Q

Characteristic findings of Whipple’s Disease

A

Periodic Acid Schiff staining macrophages

108
Q

3 classes of endospores

A

I : oval, central
II : oval, swollen, central
III : round, swollen, terminal

109
Q

Catalase Test of Bacillus and Clostridia

A

Bacillus catalase POSITIVE
Clostridia catalase NEGATIVE

110
Q

Largest genus within GP Bacilli

Contains the most important medically relevant organisms

A

Bacillus

111
Q

Bacillus are motile because of peritrichous flagella EXCEPT

A

Bacillus anthracis
Bacillus mycoides

112
Q

What are the two primary virulence factors (exotoxins) of Bacillus anthracis

A
  1. EF (Edema Factor/Toxin)
  2. LF (Lethal Factor/Toxin)
113
Q

This virulence factor of B. anthracis causes local edema and interferes with phagocytosis

A

EF (Edema Factor/Toxin)

114
Q

This virulence factor of B. anthracis targets and kills macrophages - > disables immune defense

A

LF (Lethal Factor/Toxin)

115
Q

Where is the largest and lomgest outbreak of B. anthracis

A

Zimbabwe

116
Q

Three clinical manifestations of B. anthracis infection

A
  1. Cutaneous anthrax
  2. Pulmonary anthrax
  3. Gastrointestinal anthrax
117
Q

Cutaneous Anthrax

Small papule -> Ring of vesicles -> Ulceration

  1. The typical presentation of ulceration is a BLACK NECROTIC LESIONS known as
  2. The answer in #2 is also referred to as
  3. Ring of vesicles coalesces is termed as
A
  1. Eschars/Black Eschars
  2. Malignant pustules
  3. Erythematous Ring
118
Q

Pulmonary/Respiratory/Inhalation Anthrax

Used to describe respiratory infections that result from the exposure to endospores during handling of animal products

A

Wool Sorter’s Disease

119
Q

The mortality rate of this type of anthrax is higher than cutaneous anthrax

A

GI Anthrax

120
Q

Microscopic feature of B. anthracis resembles

A

STRING OF PEARLS

121
Q

B. anthracis unstained spores with end fit snugly together like a ____

A

Bamboo rods

122
Q

Staining color of vegetative cell and the spore of B. anthracis

A

Cells: red
Spore: green

123
Q

This stain is used to stain the capsule of B. anthracis

A

India Ink Stain

124
Q

B. anthracis Lecithinase Test growth on Egg Yolk Agar (EYA)

A

Opaque zone around colonies

125
Q

CHO Fermentation of B. anthracis

G, MAX

A

Glucose POSITIVE

Maltose, Arabinose, Xylose NEGATIVE

126
Q

Colonies of B. anthracis on BAP

A

Non hemolytic
GROUNDGLASS APPEARANCE

127
Q

Colonies of B. anthracis look like hairy projections or comma shaped and are termed as

A

Medusa Head

128
Q

Colonies of B. anthracis are described as ____ because they are tenacious when lifted with a loop and they have sticky colony phenomenon

A

Beaten Egg Whites

129
Q

Growth of B. anthracis on SBAP

this is very important because other Bacillus spp. have different hemolysis pattern

A

NON HEMOLYTIC

Other Bacillus spp. are BETA HEMOLYTIC

130
Q

This agar is used for the cultivation of B. anthracis when the specimen is stool

A

Phenylethyl Alcohol Agar (PEA)

stool weak growth on SBAP, CAP, NB

131
Q

Agar used to demonstrate B. anthracis capsule

A

Bicarbonate Agar with 5-7% CO2

132
Q

Post exposure prophylaxis for B. anthracis

A

Ciprofloxacin (2000)

133
Q

Post exposure prophylaxis for B. anthracis. It is preferred if the strain is penicillin sensitive

A

Doxycycline

134
Q

What type of toxin are the virulence factors of B. anthracis?

A

Exotoxin

135
Q

The virulence factors of Bacillus cereus are what type of toxin?

A

Enterotoxin spores

136
Q

This bacillus is associated with reheated rice and potatoes

A

B. cereus

137
Q

2 types of B. cereus toxin

A

Diarrheal Toxin
Emetic Toxin

138
Q
  1. B. cereus secretes this toxin only AFTER entering the intestine
  2. This toxin of B. cereus acts IMMEDIATELY on intestine
A
  1. Diarrheal Toxin (8-16 hrs)
  2. Emetic Toxin (1-6 hrs)
139
Q

B. cereus

MOT of Diarrheal Toxin
MOT of Emetic Toxin

A
  1. Ingestion of MEAT or POULTRY
  2. Ingestion of FRIED RICE / CHINESE FRIED RICE
140
Q

B. cereus

Heat labile toxin
Heat stable toxin

A
  1. Diarrheal Toxin
  2. Emetic Toxin
141
Q

B. cereus is resistant to

A

Penicillin

142
Q

How many organisms is the diagnosis of B. cereus infection

A

10^5 per gram

143
Q

Differentiates B. anthracis and B. cereus in motility

A

Anthracis: NON MOTILE
Cereus: MOTILE

144
Q

This bacillus has FROSTED GLASS APPEARING COLONY

A

B. cereus

B. anthracis: GROUND GLASS

145
Q

Treatment for B. cereus

ClinVan

A

Clindamycin
Vancomycin

146
Q

Lab diagnosis differentiation of B. anthracis and B. cereus

A

B. anthracis: POSITIVE only on LECITHINASE and STRING OF PEARL TEST

B. cereus: NEGATIVE only on STRING OF PEARL TEST

147
Q

An autoclave indicator bacteria

A

Bacillus stearothermophilus

148
Q

Autoclave Test Results

A

Yellow Color Change
- failed, bacterial growth

No color change
- successful

149
Q

Common laboratory contaminant

A

B. subtilis

150
Q

This genus is saprophytes

A

Clostridia

151
Q

Why are spores of Clostridia wider than vegetative bacteria

A

They are BULGING, SWOLLEN

152
Q

Causative agent of botulism

A

Clostridium botulinum

153
Q

What toxin are ingested to have Botulism

A

Botulinum Toxin A B E

154
Q

C. botulinum is described as ______ bcs it is used to treat involuntary muscle disorders and anti-aging remedy to improve frown lines

A

Beauty Enhancer (temporary improvement)

155
Q

Infant Botulism is also known as

A

Floppy Baby Syndrome

156
Q

Common among 2 weeks to 6 months baby

They dont havr the ability to suck and swallow

A

Floppy Baby Syndrome

157
Q

Botulinum toxin induces _______, there are 7 main types _______, the most common are _________

A
  1. Muscle paralysis
  2. A to G
  3. A B E
158
Q

Purified form of Botulinum Toxin Type A is used to treat

A

Strabismus (wandering eyes)

159
Q

Appearance or Clostridium tetani due to its spores

A

Drumstick Appearance

160
Q

An acute disease manifested by skeletal muscle spasm and autonomic nervous system disturbance

This is characterized by RIGIDITY and CONVULSIVE SPASMS of skeletal muscle

A

Tetanus

Tetanos (Greek) to stretch

161
Q

In tetanus, the spores germinate within wounds producing ____

This neurotoxin also prevents the release of neurotransmitter in spinal cord

A

Tetanospasmin

162
Q

First symptoms of tetanus leads to ______ aka ______

A

Trismus
Locked Jaw

163
Q

This is a common complication of tetanus as if you are smiling all throughout

A

Risus sardonicus

164
Q

2 exotoxins of C. tetani

A

Tetanolysin
Tetanospasmin (Aka Tetanus Toxin)

165
Q

This vaccine is the most effective method of prophylaxis for Tetanus

A

DPT Vaccine

166
Q

Cultural characteristics of C. tetani that are like Proteus spp.

A

Swarming growth

167
Q

Where are the spores of C. perfringes

A

Subterminal

168
Q

Four major toxins of C. perfringens

A

Alpha
Beta
Epsilon
Iota

169
Q

This toxin of C. perfringens destroys cell membranes

A

Alpha toxin

170
Q

This is described as rapidly spreading edematous myonecrosis and alpha toxin is the principal virulence factor

A

GAS GANGRENE

171
Q

This is caused by C. perfringens Type A Enterotoxin

A

Food Poisoning

172
Q

Microscopic appearance of C. perfringens

A

BOXCAR-SHAPED

173
Q

Hemolysis of C. perfringens on SBA

A

Target Hemolysis/Double Zone Hemolysis

(beta hemolysis surrounded by alpha hemolysis)

174
Q

This test differentiates C. perfringens from other Clostridia spp.

A

Direct Nagler Test

Principle: Neutralization of Lecithinase Activity

175
Q

Pos and Neg res of Direct Nagler Test

A

Pos: Disappearance or a reduction in the opacity of the antitoxin side
- C. perfringens

Neg: Presence of opacity
- C. difficile

176
Q

Major cause of hospital acquired infection

A

Clostridium difficile

177
Q

C. difficile is responsible for a unique colonic disease known as

A

Pseudomembranous Colitis

aka ANTIBIOTIC ASSOCIATED PSEUDOMEMBRANOUS COLITIS

178
Q

2 powerful exotoxins of C. difficile

A
  1. Toxin A or enterotoxin
  2. Toxin B or cytotoxin
179
Q

Both toxins A and B are secreted in the intestine

Which toxin results in watery diarrhea

Which toxin damaged colonic mucosa

A
  1. Toxin A or Enterotoxin
  2. Toxin B or Cytotoxin
180
Q

Pink staining bacilli

A

C. difficile

181
Q

This agar is a selective and differential medium for C. difficile

A

CCFA - Cycloserine Cefoxitin Fructose Agar

182
Q

Pos growth for CCFA of C. difficile

A

YELLOW COLONIES

pink agar turns to yellow in the vicinity of colonies

183
Q

Most effective antibiotic for C. diphtheriae

A

Erythromycin

184
Q

DOC for C. jeikeium and C. urealyticum

A

Vancomycin

185
Q

DOC for Listeria monocytogenes

A

Penicillin with or wo aminoglycosides

186
Q

DOC for Gardnerella vaginalis

A

Metronidazole

187
Q

SXT is effective among __

A

Nocardia
Tropheryma whipplei

188
Q

The only motile spp in MODULE 9 GRAM POSITIVE BACILLI

A
  1. Listeria monocytogenes (25°C)
  2. Kurthia benssonnii
  3. Bacillus (except anthracis and mycoides)
  4. Clostridium botulinum
189
Q

the GRAM VARIABLE team

BEG

A

Bacillus anthracis (old cultures)
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
Gardnerella vaginalis

Clin. Bacteriology (Lecture) (4 decks)

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