self-conscious emotions

Question 1

primary vs secondary emotions

Answer 1

primary: immediate, instinctual responses to stimuli (joy,fear,sadness), universal, strong easy to identify.
secondary : influence by personal experiences, beliefs and thoughts.

Question 2

what are the 6 primary emotions

Answer 2

anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness and surprise.

Question 3

what are secondary emotions

Answer 3

emotions that are often felt after the primary emotion, reactions to our primary emotions and often habitual or learned responses. Higher cognitive processes, can influence behaviour, last longer then primary emotions, learnt in childhood.

Question 4

what is the background of trying to measure emotions?

Answer 4

Darwin: published book observations ignored
psychoanalysis and psychopathology. difficult to measure, confusion between emotions.
Blushing became a measure
critique: many people do not blush, cognitive process ignored

Question 5

explain research into emotional development

Answer 5

Lewis (1992) : studied orgins of self-conscious emotions in children.
second year of life = development sense of self, away from primary care giver.
Lewis and brooks (1978) : 9 to 24 months, placed in front of mirror spot of rouge place on nose. Touch own nose instead of reflection. 15-24 months - develop sense of self-awarness.

Question 6

what is self awareness?

Answer 6

realisation that you are separate from others. Once achieved, child is moving towards understanding social emotions such as guilt, shame, embarrassment. sense of self= standards and rules= expression of self-conscious emotions. 2-3 years. positive and negative social interactions and behaviours affect an individuals expressions of self-conscious emotions.

Question 7

moral emotions

Answer 7

some people have named moral emotions as self-conscious emotions that just like all emotions provide survival benefits, but also modify ones own thinking and behaviour to adjust, replicate, stress or eliminate cognition and actions as the environment changes

Question 8

how can self-conscious emotions be split

Answer 8

first group (exposed self-conscious emotions) : don’t have to reflect on self or rules, embarrassment, jealousy, guilt/shame
second group: appear in second year of life, self comparison, empathy, unrequited love, nostalgia.

Question 9

how does self conscious emotions differ from primary emotions

Answer 9

self- awareness, some require extensive cognitive processing, situations which children learn self-conscious emotions vary from culture to culture.

Question 10

how does self-conscious emotions vary from culture to culture.

Answer 10

individualist : teach us to feel pride in personal accomplishment
collectivistic: taught not to call attention to themselves unless they wish to feel embarrassed.

Question 11

what are the features of self-conscious emotions

Answer 11

central role in motivating, regulating peoples thoughts, feelings and behaviour.
drive people to work hard in achievement and task domains.
act in moral, socially appropriate ways in social interaction and intimate relationships.

Question 12

explain shame as a self conscious emotion

Answer 12

• first group of self conscious emotions
• painful emotion, especially when fail to meet internalized social standards.
• loss of social status and failure
  -maladaptive emotion = increased depressive symptoms, anxiety, anger, substance abuse, self-harm, decreased self-esteem.
• focuses on global self

Question 13

explain guilt as a self- conscious emotion

Answer 13

• secondary group
• not purely negative
• sense of regret and remorse
• rumination about behaviour and thoughts of changing the current situation.
• can motivate an act to repair a situation.
• focuses of self actions
• can be both adaptive and maladaptive

Question 14

explain unrequited love as a self- conscious emotion

Answer 14

• second group
• unreciprocated love, longing for more complete love
• romantic feelings, sexual/intense desire to be close to someone.
• intended partners : don’t make same effort, see you as a friend, turned you down.
  painful situation: daydreaming about unlikely situations, anxiety, jealousy, neglect oneself, low self esteem.
  Attachment theory.

Question 15

explain nostalgia as an self-conscious emotions.

Answer 15

• confused with homesickness
• beginning of 21st century : homesickness separated (separation anxiety)
• nostalgia now seen as a positive and functional emotion that refers to aspect of ones past.
• ## self-relevant

Question 16

is there a negative side to being self-conscious

Answer 16

• moderation = healthy
• can become unhealthy, toxic and affect mental health.
• feeling of being judged
• responding to embarrassment with anger and hostility
• blaming others for ones mistake
• avoiding social experiences
• lack of confidence, anxiety and depression.
• unhealthy self-awareness= social anxiety.
• can prevent healing from traumatic events.

Question 17

why do we need self-conscious emotions?

Answer 17

• pride = work hard for accomplishments
• boost self-esteem
• self-consciousness and self-awareness helps improve social functioning
• may be adaptive
• may maintain group harmony, group protection and promoted conformity.

Question 18

are there sex differences in self-conscious emotion.

Answer 18

• women more likely to make a global appraisal following failure, leads to elicitation of shame.
• men tend to endorse hubristic pride more
• both = authentic pride, guilt and embarrassment.