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Pathology > Acute inflammation: cardinal features, events and DAMPs/PAMPs/MAMPs, systemic effects, outcomes > Flashcards

Acute inflammation: cardinal features, events and DAMPs/PAMPs/MAMPs, systemic effects, outcomes Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 cardinal features of acute inflammation?

A

Rubor: Redness

Dolor: Pain/tenderness

Calor: Heat

Tumour: Swelling

Functio Laesa: Loss of function

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2
Q

What are DAMPs?

A

Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns are signals released by cells that die by necrosis, that trigger acute inflammation

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3
Q

Give 3 examples of DAMPs that are produced by a damaged mitochondria?

A

DNA

DNA breakdown byproducts eg. Uric acid, ATP

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4
Q

What are PAMPs/MAMPs?

A

Pathogen/Microbe-Associated Molecular Patterns are signals produced by pathogens that trigger acute inflammation

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5
Q

Why is acute inflammation necessary when the trigger is outside body tissues?

A

Acute inflammation response causes blood vessels to become more porous, which allows immune cells to go outside tissues and target the trigger

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6
Q

What are the 5 Rs of acute inflammation:

A

Recognition
Recruitment
Removal
Regulation
Resolution

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7
Q

What happens in the recognition phase of acute inflammation?

A

DAMPs/PAMPs/MAMPs are recognised by toll-like receptors on sentinel cells which are already outside body tissues

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8
Q

What is a sentinel cell?

A

Immune cell that detects presence of DAMPs/PAMPs/MAMPs

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9
Q

What initiates the recruitment phase of acute inflammation?

A

Binding of DAMPs/PAMPs/MAMPs to toll-like receptor activates the inflammasome

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10
Q

How does the inflammasome recruit neutrophils and macrophages in acute inflammation?

A

Inflammasome is a multiprotein complex that induces IL-1 production, a cytokine that attracts neutrophils and macrophages

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11
Q

What occurs in the removal phase of acute inflammation?

A

Neutrophils and macrophages remove injurious agents by phagocytosis

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12
Q

What is the main immune cell in acute inflammation, and how is this detected?

A

Neutrophil, which causes a raised neutrophil cell count when there is infection/necrotic death

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13
Q

What occurs in the regulation phase of acute inflammation?

A

Regulation of inflammatory response by switching cytokines to healing type

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14
Q

What occurs in the resolution phase of acute inflammation?

A

Homeostasis restored

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15
Q

What are the overall 2 general phases of acute inflammation?

A

Vascular and cellular phases

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16
Q

What general phase are the 5 Rs of acute inflammation a part of?

A

Cellular phase

17
Q

What 3 cytokines meditate the systemic effects of acute inflammation?

A

TNF, IL-1, IL-6

18
Q

What molecule stimulates production of cytokines by macrophages in acute inflammation?

A

Pyrogen

19
Q

What is a pyrogen?

A

Fever-inducing substance

20
Q

Give one example of a pyrogen that arises from bacteria?

A

Lipopolysaccharide

21
Q

Which cells do IL-2 and TNF increase COX activity in for acute inflammation?

A

Perivascular cells of hypothalamus

22
Q

What does PGE2 increase in acute inflammation?

A

Temperature set point

23
Q

What type of protein do cytokines increase output of from liver in acute inflammation?

A

Acute phase proteins

24
Q

What is an acute phase protein?

A

Protein whose blood plasma concentration changes in response to inflammation

25
Q

What is the difference between positive and negative acute phase proteins?

A

Positive: conc. increases

Negative conc: decreases

26
Q

How can elevated CRP levels in blood plasma be used to diagnose a type of infection that has resulted in inflammation?

A

Elevated CRP occurs in response to severe fungal or bacterial infections

27
Q

What do cytokines increase production of in bone marrow in acute inflammation?

A

WBCs

28
Q

What are 2 negative systemic effects of TNF?

A

Promotes thrombosis

Accelerates atherosclerosis

29
Q

What blood sugar condition can TNF and IL-1 cause and why?

A

They cause insulin resistance, which leads to type 2 diabetes

30
Q

What 2 cytokines do macrophages produce to decrease inflammation and begin repair?

A

IL-10, Transforming growth factor beta

31
Q

what substance is formed when a persistent stimulus causes continuous acute inflammation?

A

Pus

32
Q

What is pus, and what cytokine promotes its formation?

A

Collection of neutrophils that are mainly recruited by IL-8

33
Q

How is an abscess formed in acute inflammation?

A

Abscess is pus surrounded by a fibrous capsule, and is formed by macrophages

34
Q

How do macrophages induce chronic inflammation after continuous acute formation?

A

They recruit T-helper cells, so activate the adaptive immune system

Pathology (18 decks)

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