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Geography Paper 1 > Natural Hazards and Weather > Flashcards

Natural Hazards and Weather Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the most of the suns energy transferred to on our planet?

A

Equator

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2
Q

What does the difference in energy from the sun cause?

A

Uneven air pressure because of uneven temperature.

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3
Q

What does the uneven air pressure cause?

A

Rotating air cells (Hadley, Ferrel, Polar)

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4
Q

Which directions do wind flow?

A

High to low pressure

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5
Q

Low pressure is what temperature?

A

Hot because it causes air to rise.

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6
Q

High pressure is what temperature?

A

Cold because air descends

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7
Q

Does it rain in high or low pressure conditions?

A

Low because air is rising and condensing into clouds which let out the water.

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8
Q

Where does the Hadley and Ferrel cell meet?

A

30 degrees north or south of the equator.

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9
Q

Where do the Ferrel cell and Polar cell meet

A

60 degrees north or south of the equator.

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10
Q

Surface Ocean currents transfer heat from the BLANK to other areas by what source?

A

Equator, wind

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11
Q

An example of this is?

A

The Gulf Stream bringing warm water from the Gulf of Mexico to the UK

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12
Q

What period is the Earth currently in, in relation to climate change?

A

The Holocene, a natural increase in the earths temperature

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13
Q

When was the least glacial period?

A

40,000 years ago

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14
Q

What can we use to show evidence for climate change in the past?

A

Ice cores, dendrochronology (tree rings), historical sources, pollen records

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15
Q

How can ice cores be used to measure climate change?

A

By drilling down into the layers of ice the different layers formed at different times can have the gasses trapped inside them measured to figure out the average temperature and can be used to determine the climate up to 400,000 years ago.

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16
Q

How can dendrochronology be used to determine past climates?

A

The tree rings can be examined, the thicker they are the warmer and wetter that year was, it is useful up to 10,000 years ago

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17
Q

What types of historical record can be used to determine climate?

A

Thermometers since the 1950s but before that it could be anything such as paintings, diaries that record things such as dates of harvests, number of days of rain or snow, they are accurate up to 500 years ago

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18
Q

How are pollen records used to determine past climates?

A

Pollen preserved in sediment can be tested for the date it was from and can be used to figure out what plants were living at the time giving an indication of the climate back then.

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19
Q

What are the four main causes of natural climate change?

A

Milankovitch cycles, sunspots, volcanoes, and asteroids.

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20
Q

What do the three different milankovitch cycles affect?

A

The circularity of Earths orbit, the rotation of the axis and the tilt of the axis

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21
Q

How often does the orbit of earth stretch to an oval and shrink to a circle?

A

Every 96,000 years

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22
Q

How often does the tilt of the earth change from bigger to smaller?

A

Every 41,000 years

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23
Q

How often does the axis rotate around?

A

Every 22,000 years

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24
Q

How do these cycles affect the earths climate?

A

The cause it to be closer or further away from the sun receiving more or less solar radiation which generates heat.

25
Q

How do sunspots increase the Earths climate?

A

They blast more concentrated solar radiation at the Earth increasing the rate at which it heats up

26
Q

How do volcanoes and asteroids change the earths climate?

A

The release dust into the air which blocks/reflects solar radiation which can cause short term cooling. They do also release some greenhouse gases but they are not enough to heat up the planet.

27
Q

How does the natural greenhouse effect work?

A

The suns radiation is trapped by the atmospheres natural gasses like CO2, methane

28
Q

How do we enhance the natural greenhouse effect?

A

We release excess amounts of these insulating gasses causing the earth to heat up faster

29
Q

Where do these gasses come from?

A

Combustion

30
Q

What industries have we released a lot more of these gasses than is natural?

A

Industrial industries, farming, transport, energy

31
Q

How does industrial and energy produce greenhouse gasses?

A

The burn fossil fuels to provide energy that relates these gasses and some products also release them such as cement or limestone. Landfill also released methane.

32
Q

How does farming release methane?

A

Cows fart and rice paddies release it

33
Q

How has global warming affected the natural environment?

A

Glaciers have melted increasing the sea level and increasing its temperature killing animals in the sea and on the land and it has also affected weather patterns.

34
Q

How has global warming affected humanity?

A

It has reduced crop yields because of the weather being affected it has also killed food sources such as fish causing an increase in malnutrition and Ill health. Also the weather has negatively affected cities with increased floods.

35
Q

What type of climate is it in the UK?

A

Temperate

36
Q

When are the high temperatures and when are the low temperatures in the UK?

A

July and August, January February

37
Q

When are the highs and lows of precipitation in the UK?

A

October and January(high), April and July

38
Q

What do seas do to temperature?

A

The regulate the climate in coastal regions where as inland the climate has a wider range of temperatures.

39
Q

Where do the wet and cold air masses that affect the UK come from?

A

Arctic maritime (N), Polar maritime (NW)

40
Q

Where does the cold and dry air mass come from?

A

Polar continental (NE)

41
Q

Where does the wet warm air mass come from and where does the wet dry air mass come from?

A

Tropical maritime (SW)(same direction as North Atlantic drift), Tropical continental (SE)

42
Q

What does the sea temperature have to be to form a cyclone?

A

27 degrees c

43
Q

Where do cyclones form?

A

In between the equator and the the Tropic of Cancer or Capricorn but never on the equator always on one side or the other

44
Q

Why do cyclones travel in a curve as they move north or south?

A

The earths rotation causes the Coriolanus effect causing it to drift.

45
Q

Why does the sea need to be warm?

A

It hats up the air creating a localised area of low pressure causing it to pull up moist air which condenses to form the clouds of a cyclone.

46
Q

In the eye of a cyclone why is it safer?

A

Because it becomes an area of high pressure as the air that has cooled drops down.

47
Q

Why do cyclones blow wind and spin?

A

Because the low pressure pocket created by the warm water draws in more air causing it to reach wind speeds of up to 250kmph. It spins because of the winds it draws in hitting it spinning it.

48
Q

Why do cyclones not last forever?

A

Because the either move over land and run out of water to fuel it or the temperature of the water that fuels it drops so the air isn’t being heated and rising anymore.

49
Q

Why does it rain loads?

A

It rains because the moist air has condensed and then all the water is released. It can reach trillions of litres and it gets higher the closer you get to the eye.

50
Q

What is a storm surge?

A

A rapid I ncresae in the sea level in a localised region, can be caused by cyclones

51
Q

Apart from floods and wind damage what other ways can cyclones cause damage?

A

Land slides from intense rainfall, debris being flung by wind.

52
Q

What is the definition of a drought?

A

When a region has a severe water shortage because it goes an abnormally long time without precipitation relative to the area and/or water storages run out.

53
Q

How can a drought affect the natural world?

A

Water sources become drier so fish die and animals can drink less and because soil becomes dry and easier to erode also wildfire chance increases because of dry vegetation.

54
Q

What are the effects of drought on people?

A

Water shortage, malnutrition because of lack of healthy watered livestock and plants, it also causes flash floods once finished because of the hard soil unable to absorb water.

55
Q

Where do El Niño and La Niña form?

A

Eastern Pacific Ocean

56
Q

How does El Niño cause droughts in Oceania and south west Asia?

A

It warms the water and causes low pressure pushing clouds away from the region meaning less precipitation.

57
Q

How does La Niña cause droughts in Africa?

A

It is caused because of cooler than normal temperatures over the eastern pacific causing high pressure to suck the rain clouds from Africa over the Pacific Ocean reducing precipitation there.

58
Q

What are the human factors for causing droughts?

A

Dams, intensive agriculture, deforestation (less moisture released by trees)

59
Q

What are some other causes for drought?

A

Lack of water in stores such as aquifers and rivers and lakes

Geography Paper 1 (6 decks)

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