4. Russiafication + political authority

Question 1

Alex II and ethnic minorities

Polish revolts

Answer 1

• Polish nationalism resurfaced 1830.
• Rebellion broke out 1883, sent brother Duke Konstantin Nikolaevich to deal.
• <200k poles created underground national gov.
• usedgeierilla warfair.
• Alex II acted swiftly and strongly - 1864 were crushed.

Question 2

Alex II and ethnic minorities

How did he keep control?

Answer 2

Didn’t engage in systematic percecution + used consessions as means of keeping control.

Question 3

Alex II and ethnic minorities

During later years

Answer 3

• had growing intolerance of national differences.
• 1867 - use of Ukrainian language in publications banned.

Question 4

Problems posed by ethnic minorities

Answer 4

• national ideology - strength of one’s language and traditions. - provoked to assert distinctive identities.
• Russia - multinational empire.
• Slavs, Ukraine + Belonissia 2/3 of pop.

Question 5

Results

Cases on unrest

Answer 5

332 cases June 1881 in 61/92 Russian provances.
51 - military deployed.

Question 6

Results

Long term

Answer 6

seems to have failed its objectives, increased feeling among ethnic nationalities and fuelled political opposition.

Question 7

Results

supporters beliefs

Answer 7

Believed necessary, in order to unite the country, improve administration + allow for modernisation.

Question 8

Results

For educated population

Answer 8

• resentment grew amoung more educated Fins, Poles + baltics in west of empire, national groups constantly petitioned the Tsars for more liberties.

Question 9

Anti-semitism

Jewish population?

Answer 9

5 million, mostly confined to The Pale of Settlement.

Question 10

Anti-semitism

Alex II

Answer 10

• Initially allowed wealthier Jews to settle.
• Following Polish revolt = withdrew his confessions.

Question 11

Anti-semitism

Alex III

Answer 11

Feared their involvement in growing opposition groups.
Anti-semetic.

Question 12

Anti-semitism

Jewish Pogroms

Answer 12

1881-84
* april 81 - series of them broke up in Ukraine.
* Authorities did little to stop.
* Violence spread, attacking 16 major cities.
* Property banned + shops destroyed, rape + murder.

Question 13

Anti semitism

Legislation

Answer 13

• May laws 1862 - confined jews to live in ghettos.
• 1866 decree - prevented jews from running inns and selling alchol.
• 1892 - forbidden to participate in elections.

Question 14

Anti semitism

Impact

Answer 14

• after programs, many fled country, not always willingly.
• from 1892, foreign Jews began to be deported.
• 1891-29 - around 30,000 Jewish artists expelled from Moscow.