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Tech > Comptia 1101 > Flashcards

Comptia 1101 Flashcards

1
Q

Which laptop feature allows users to overcome standard limitations of the keyboard?

A

Fn key

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2
Q

Which of the answers tecers to internal data storage devices used in laptops

A

SSDs and magnetic disks

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3
Q

Magnetic drives have what features

A

High capacity, low cost, low performance

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4
Q

SSDs have what features

A

Relatively high cost, lower capacity, high performance

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5
Q

Which would be the hardest to replace on a laptop?

A

Integrated GPU

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6
Q

What type of cards enables communication in 802.11 networks?

A

WLAN

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7
Q

What is a laptops Bluetooth module an example of?

A

WPAN

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8
Q

What type of expansion card enables communication over a cellular network

A

WWAN card

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9
Q

What are the characteristics of IPS LCDs?

A

High color quality, wide viewing angles, slow response times

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10
Q

What are the characteristics of TN LCDs

A

Low viewing angles, fast response times, high color quality

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11
Q

What are the characteristics of VA LCDs

A

High contrast ratios, good viewing angles, good color quality

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12
Q

What are the characteristics of OLEDs

A

Works without backlight, lower light output than LCDs, better contrast and color representation than LCDs

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13
Q

What is the function of a digitizer

A

Translate analog data to computer format, component of a mobile device that allows you to touch the screen, a type of input device

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14
Q

What is the function of a laptop’s inverter

A

Converts AC to DC power, converts DC to AC power, supplies voltage to backlights on older LCDs

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15
Q

Riser card

A

An expansion card to extend a slot to make it easier for a chip to plug in; a custom small motherboard/expansion for audio, visual, modem, etc.

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16
Q

Do lithium ion batteries have a memory effect?

A

No

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17
Q

What is a SO-DIMM

A

Small Outline Dual Inline Memory Module is a very common form factor for extra memory on laptops, and there’s often a dedicated panel for it. Without a SO-DIMM, you would have to replace the entire laptop motherboard to Urías m upgrade memory

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18
Q

What size are magnetic disk drives?

A

2.5”

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19
Q

Mini PCI and mini PCIe

A

Interfaces that allow additional connectivity

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20
Q

CCFLs

A

Cold Cathode Flourescent Lamps, backlight on older laptops.

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21
Q

Common backlight troubleshooting tip

A

If you can shine a flashlight and make out the screen, the backlight is the problem

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22
Q

Different types of USBs

A

Usb a- most common
Mini b- older
Micro b- newer
Usb c- 24 pin double sided pin can send displayport and hdmi

Lightning- proprietary 8pin apple connection

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23
Q

DB-9

A

Older connection used to send rs232, used since 1969, also commonly used on modems and mouse

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24
Q

Different writing devices

A

Touch screen pens/capacitive stylus is good for precise writing

Digital soles is more advanced, Can communicate when not touching, also pressure sensitive (BRAND SPECIFIC)

External digitizer/ drawing pad an active stylus that can connect to many different brands

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25
Q

2G

A

2G consists of GSM (global system for mobile communication) and CDMA (Code Division for Multiple Access)
It has voice communication but little data transfer.
GSM included 90% of worldwide market, At&t etc.
CDMA allowed different people on the same network by assigning codes (Verizon and Sprint)

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26
Q

SIM

A

Subscribe Identification Module allows one customer to use different devices

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27
Q

3G

A

3G allowed for more data, more speed, better functionality, GPS, streaming, and video on demand

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28
Q

4G

A

LTE (long term evolution), based on GSM and edge?
LTE advanced, or LTEA doubled the throughput

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29
Q

5G

A

Will go up to 10 gbps, its best for IoT devices, faster data, more cloud space,

Will have slower speeds of 100-900 mbps???

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30
Q

GPS

A

GPS comes from at least 30 satellites, and has to connect to at least 4 satellites

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31
Q

MDM

A

Mobile Device Management allows to partition a phone for work and personal use

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32
Q

Ethernet Payload

A

IP header & IP payload
TCP header and TCP payload
HTTP payload

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33
Q

Multiplexing

A

Using many different applications to talk to many different servers at the same time

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34
Q

TCP

A

Transmission Control Protocol is a connection based protocol, it sets up and breaks down payload and utilizes reliable delivery (verification of received data), and can request slower or faster data speed

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35
Q

UDP

A

Unreliable delivery, no confirmation of received data, no flow control, think Voip, FaceTime, etc.

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36
Q

FTP

A

Active mode TCP21
Control TCP20

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37
Q

Telnet

A

Telecommunications offers unecrypted remote access
TCP 23

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38
Q

SMTP

A

Simple mail transfer protocol
TCP25

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39
Q

DNS

A

Domain name service UDP 53, assigned ip address

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40
Q

DHCP

A

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol udp 67 and 68

Automatically configure and reserve ip address, subnet mask, and more everything is assigned in real time and renew at set intervals

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41
Q

Pop3

A

Post office protocol 3 TCP 110
Used for basic mail transfer

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42
Q

Imap

A

TCP143
Internet Message Access Protocol 4
allows different devices

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43
Q

SMB

A

Server Message Block
Used by windows for file sharing/printer sharing
AKA CIFS (Common Internet File System)

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44
Q

NETBIOS

A

Network Basic Input Output System
(Older)
UDP137 (nbname)
UDP139 (nbsession)

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45
Q

SNMP

A

Simple Network Management Protocol
Gathers network statistics
UDP161 for queries
UDP162 for traps

V1 was just structured tables
V2 was bulk transfers
V3 was encrypted

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46
Q

Lightweight Directory Active Protocol

A

Fast network directory, e.g Microsoft access directory

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47
Q

RDP

A

Remote Desktop Protocol
TCP3389
May vary on windows versions
Can control an entire system or a single computer

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48
Q

Routers

A

Layer 3 devices that forward data based off IP ADDRESS, SoHo routers are also access points

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49
Q

Switches

A

Switches are layer 3? Devices that send data based on destination Mac Address, switches can move faster because they have Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), switches have PoE

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50
Q

Managed Switches

A

Managed switches have vlans (subnets), SNMP, you can prioritize traffic, and have redundancy protection through Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) and port mirroring

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51
Q

Access points

A

Area bridge from the wired network to the wireless network, is not the same thing as a router. It makes forwarding decisions based on the MAC address

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52
Q

Cable Infrastructure

A

From the desk to patch panel is typically permanent. On the other side of the panel, RJ45s extend to the switch that goes all the way to the main network

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53
Q

PoE

A

Can be endspan or midspan and 802.11 come with PoE capabilities, switches will identify what Can and can’t support PoE(blue line on top) and UPLINKS DON’T REQUIRE POE

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54
Q

PoE IEEE 802.3af-2003

A

the original PoE Ethernet standard
15.4 watts DC, 350 mA max current

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55
Q

PoE+ IEEE 802.3at-2009

A

25.5 watts DC, 600 mA max current

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56
Q

PoE++ IEEE 802.3bt-2018

A

Type 3: 51 W, 600 mA max current
Type 4: 71.3 W, 960 mA max current (10gbps speeds)

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57
Q

Hubs

A

Multi port repeater, not smart, can’t run full duplex, only sold at 10 mb or 100 mb, not common today

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58
Q

Cable Modem

A

Broadband allows multiple frequencies of traffic, like video, voice, and internet.
Data is transmitted via DOCSIS, data speeds top out at 1 gbps

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59
Q

DSL

A

Asymmetrical digital subscriber line (downloads faster than upload)
There’s a10,000 ft distance limitation
52mbps download, 16 mbps upload
(Faster if closer to the source)

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60
Q

ONT

A

Optical Network Terminals take fiber optic abs translate it to copper signals

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61
Q

Demarcation Point

A

Where your stuff ends and the providers stuff begins

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62
Q

Network interface cards

A

Copper (ethernet) connections use NICs, are built into consumer products, and they are specific to the network type. They can be built into the motherboard, or added as an expansion card.

Single port, multiport, copper, abs fiber options are available

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63
Q

What are the 3 planes of software defined networking?

A

Infrastructure/data Layer???
Control Layer???
Application/mgmt layer???

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64
Q

Infrastructure/data layer

A

forwards, trunks, encrypts, NAT

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65
Q

Control Layer

A

for references, routing protocol NAT table

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66
Q

Application/mgmt layer

A

configures and manages the device, (SSH, Browser, API, etc.)

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67
Q

802.11a

A

Made in 1999, exclusively 5Ghz, but Can other frequencies with special licensing. 54 mbps. Smaller range than 802.11b, best for warehouse etc. (absorption issues)

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68
Q

802.11b

A

Made in 1999, runs at 2.4 Ghz, 11mbps, but less absorption problems. Better for office use.

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69
Q

802.11g

A

June 2003, 54mbps at 2.4ghz, backwards compatible with 11b, still has frequency issues

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70
Q

802.11n

A

2009 (wifi4) both 5 and 2.4 ghz 40 mhz Channel widths, greater bandwidth for bigger data transfers, 600mbps, MIMO (multi input, multi output)

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71
Q

802.11ac

A

January 2014 (wifi5) only at 5 Ghz, up to 160 mhz bandwith, signaling modulation (increases bandwith), 8 MU-MIMO (multi user mimo), double streams at nearly 7gbps

If an access point uses 2.4, the 867 mbps for 8 streams, or 6.9 gbps (802.11n)

8 downloadable streams

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72
Q

OFDMA

A

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access works similar to cellular networks to improve in high density areas

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73
Q

802.11ax

A

February2021 (wifi6)5 and/or 2.4 ghz 20,40,80,or160 mhz bandwidths, 1.1201 mbps per channel, 9.6 gbps total (resolves overcrowding)

Download and upload streams simultaneously

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74
Q

Where do wireless standards come from?

A

IEEE LAN/MAN standards committee
(IEEE 802)

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75
Q

What is the range of wireless access points in a home setting?

A

40-50 feet

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76
Q

RFID

A

Radio Frequency Identification, commonly used in id badges, pet tracking, inventory/assembly, etc., also includes NFC and pairing Bluetooth

there’s not usually a battery

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77
Q

Channel

A

A group of frequencies

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78
Q

5 ghz range
???

A

36-177

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79
Q

Bluetooth channel

A

ISM (industrial, scientific, medical)
Distance is usually 10 meters, although some industrial standards hit 100 meters

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80
Q

DNS server

A

Converts domain names to ip addresses and Vice versa, there are multiple for redundancy

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81
Q

DHCP server

A

Provides IP addresses to devices. In an enterprise there will be redundancy

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82
Q

File Server

A

Centralized storage device which uses SMB (windows) or AFP (Apple File Protocol)

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83
Q

Print Server

A

Allows any computer to access any printer/scanner, sometimes the software for print sharing is on the computer

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84
Q

Mail Server

A

Requires 100% up time and availability. There are cloud based options with dedicated support

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85
Q

Syslog

A

Each server makes logs, syslog is a centralized database of server logs which requires a lot of storage. SIEM???

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86
Q

Web Servers

A

Uses http(s) protocols to transfer html files. Web pages are stored on the server and Can be built dynamically??? Or static

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87
Q

Authentication Server

A

Stores all passwords, must be readily available and redundant

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88
Q

UTM

A

Unified Threat Management:
Detects malware and spam as a router. Can provide intrusion detection, you can prioritize traffic, and use it as a VPN

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89
Q

Load Balancers

A

Checks in with all servers in case one goes down. Can change the way protocols work, Can encrypt and decrypt, Can cache for a faster response, content switching

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90
Q

Content switching

A

Putting certain applications on certain servers

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91
Q

SCADA/ICS

A

Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition system is a kind of Industrial Control System which provides real time info and system controls for multi site industrial applications. Requires permissions and segmentation (Downtime is COSTLY)

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92
Q

Embedded Systems

A

A purpose built device that only allows certain access, mfr provides support

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93
Q

IoT

A

May require segmentation to limit security breaches. (SEGMENTATION AS SECURITY???)

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94
Q

IPv4

A

Ipv4 is 4 bytes (32 bits/4 octets) each separated by a period
255 is the max number of numbers that fit in a byte

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95
Q

IPv6

A

4 octets separated by colons, first 64 bits is the network prefix and last 64 bits is the host address. DNS is important because addresses are more complicated

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96
Q

Subnet Mask

A

The subnet mask is not transmitted, it masks everything but the host address.

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97
Q

What are the two things you need to assign an ip address

A

Subnet mask, ??????

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98
Q

Default Gateway

A

Default gateway is a router that allows you to communicate outside of your subnet mask. The default gateway IP must be on your subnet mask.

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99
Q

Where can DNS be configured?

A

Inside the OS under IP settings, setup 2 servers for redundancy

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100
Q

BOOTP

A

BOOTP was used until 1993. It required ip addresses to be manually configured and couldn’t recognize when ip addresses were free again.

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101
Q

DHCP

A

Made in 1997, automatically assigned IP, subnet mask, default gateway, etc.

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102
Q

4 step program utilized by DHCP

A

DORA:
Discover
Offer
Request
Acknowledge

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103
Q

What kind of broadcasts are not blocked by some routers? (Proxy/relay, AKA IP helper)

A

DHCP broadcasts

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104
Q

UDP 67 and 68

A

DHCP Broadcasts and responses

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105
Q

What is the best practices for when you want a device to keep its IP address

A

DHCP reservations,
Alternatively, you could disable DHCP and configure manually, but you gotta reconfigure whenever the network changes.

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106
Q

APIPA

A

Automatic Private IP Addressing
There’s no forwarding by routers, so you can’t communicate outside your subnet mask
APIPA range: 169.254.0.1 to 169.254.255.254

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107
Q

Who decides a device’s APIPA?

A

The device itself

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108
Q

ARP

A

Address Resolution Protocol

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109
Q

What are some examples of a fully qualified domain?

A

.comi .net

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110
Q

How many top level domain names (TLDs) are there?

A

Hundreds

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111
Q

How many root clusters servers are there?

A

13

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112
Q

Cmd dig or nslookup

A

Looks up IP associated with a given website

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113
Q

How many types of resource records do they have for DNS?

A

Over 30 (ip, domain, certificates, etc.), and they’re very important.

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114
Q

Many DNS configuration files are what type of document?

A

Plain text html, but some DNS server provide web based front ends

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115
Q

Start of authority record includes:

A

mail exchanger record, list of ip addresses, fully qualified domain names, canonical (alias) names

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116
Q

What is an address record

A

a record, or quad a record: defines the host ip address. Quad a record has ipv6 and fully qualified domain name.

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117
Q

Time To Live:

A

how long the device will remember the address record without asking the server again.

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118
Q

Mail exchange record

A

these are names only, if you want the ip for the mail server, pull up the a record

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119
Q

What does a DNS server store TXT records for?

A

The TXT record might verify the origination, or give configuration details???

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120
Q

SPF record (sender policy framework)-

A

mail servers query the dns server, retrieve the SPF record and determine if its authentic

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121
Q

DKIM

A

Domain keys identified mail, a digital signature to verify mail, the public key is the DKIM in the DNS server.

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122
Q

DMARC???

A

domain-based authentication, reporting, and conformance- You can specify to the mail server whether to keep, throw away, or send to spam if the message isn’t validated. The mail server remembers how many messages were received and you can use DMARC to figure out how much mail got through based on the configuration???

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123
Q

DHCP Scope properties:

A

IP address range(and excludes ip addresses), subnet mask, lease duration

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124
Q

Other DHCP scope options:

A

DNS server settings, default gateway, VOIP servers (specify the gateway so that all the voip devices know who to contact)

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125
Q

DHCP pools:

A

grouping of IP addresses, e.g 192.168.1.0/24
Typically DHCP pools are contiguous, sometimes there are excluded addresses

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126
Q

Can DHCP be on a router?

A

Yes

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127
Q

Dynamic assignment:

A

assigns IP based on what’s available, keeps track of expired leases

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128
Q

Automatic assignment:

A

remembers who connected prior and give the same ip address if possible

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129
Q

DHCP address allocation:

A

aka static DHCP assignment, aka ip reservation, save a spot based on MAC address,

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130
Q

T1 lease countdown:

A

T1 timer checks in halfway through the DHCP and resets to full lease time. If the DHCP is unavailable, then the lease continues to countdown.

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131
Q

T2 lease countdown

A

T2 goes off at 7/8ths and checks in to DHCP

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132
Q

What is a LAN

A

Local area networks are a group of devices on the same broadcast domain

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133
Q

What’s the best way to run two LANs

A

For efficiency, multiple switches are not best practice. 1 Switch manages 2 broadcast domains from a VLAN.

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134
Q

VPNs:

A

software and hardware combo that allows you to encrypt data that’s traversing a public network

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135
Q

Concentrator:

A

the encrypt/decrypt mechanism can be configured into a firewall or a standalone device

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136
Q

How does data traffic flow on a VPN?

A

VPNs go from laptop, through internet, to concentrator, then to corporate network, then back again

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137
Q

Satellite Connections

A

Satellite/non terrestrial is expensive
50mb/s going down, 3 mb/s going up is common

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138
Q

Satellite latency

A

Latency can be up to 250 ms, very slow
Starlink gives 40 ms, working on 20 ms
They operate over higher frequencies like 2GHz and operate over line of sight, rain can hurt the signal

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139
Q

Fiber Optic Internet Connection:

A

Very fast, can communicate over long distances, but it’s very expensive
Fiber optics is the WAN core, but it’s expanding to the home/office as well

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140
Q

What is broadband?

A

Broadband allows multiple connections bydifferent frequencies on the same line

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141
Q

DOCSIS-

A

data over cable service internet spec,
50mbps - 1k+mbps are common

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142
Q

DSL::

A

Use the existing telephone lines to provide internet
10,000 foot limit with DSL

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143
Q

Wireless Internet Service Provider (WISP):

A

Terrestrial internet access points in a general area
Usually in rural areas
Uses meshed 802.11, 5g, or proprietary wireless connection
You’ll need an outdoor antenna
Can operate at speeds of 1k mbps

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144
Q

Local Area Network:

A

a building or a group of buildings, LANs use 802.11 and Ethernet. If it’s any slower, it isn’t a true LAN

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145
Q

Wide Area Networks:

A

span the globe, they generally connect LANs across great distances. Great distances mean slower speeds

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146
Q

Are WAN and LAN technologies similar?

A

No, WAN technologies are different than LAN (point to point serial???, MPLS???, etc)
WAN includes satellite

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147
Q

Personal Area Networks:

A

Bluetooth, NFC etc.

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148
Q

Metropolitan Area Network (man):

A

City wide network, not a LAN or MAN
Today, Metro Ethernet is popular (you get Ethernet on both sides and then an ISP connects them
Governments use them primarily because they have the right of way to put conduit in the ground

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149
Q

Storage Area Network:

A

A high speed network that allows to connect to a very large storage facility,
Provides block level access which makes it more efficient to read and write
Requires high bandwidths to retrieve and send
Often isolated on its own high speed network

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150
Q

WLAN:

A

Doesn’t reach very far
Can be extended with more access points

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151
Q

Cable Crimpers::

A

Pinch the cable on the wire
Coax, twisted pair, and fiber crimpers are available
Twisted pair crimp through the insulation and into the wire itself

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152
Q

Can you mix different Cat crimpers and wires?

A

No, Cat5,6,&7 cables have to go into corresponding crimpers

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153
Q

Modular Connectors::

A

End pieces for rj45 connectors
Cable must run to the top of the rj45

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154
Q

Tone Generators and Probe

A

Tone generator creates a tone on copper wire, probe detect tone, probe is inductive, so it doesn’t need to touch

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155
Q

Punch Down Best Practices:

A

Specialized tools to punch each wire into the punch down block
Organization is key (cable management)
Maintain the cable twist, and document what you did

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156
Q

Cable Testers:

A

Performs continuity tests to see if pins are properly aligned, Can tell you if you’ve missed or crossed wires
Cannot identify signal loss, crosstalk, etc.
TDR (time domain reflectometer)???

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157
Q

Loopback Plugs:

A

Plug that loops back into itself, useful for testing ports
You can get loopback plugs for fiber, ethernet, t1, etc.

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158
Q

Taps and Port Mirrors:

A

Physical network tap allows you to disconnect in the middle and put a tap that sends the data to an analyzer

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159
Q

Active taps:

A

Active taps can tap copper but they require power

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160
Q

SPANs

A

Port mirrors, or SPANs (switch port analyzers) Can be built into your switch
SPANs are software that sends data to a second interface that you can send to an analyzer.
Has bandwith limitations, but SPANs are a great short term option

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161
Q

Protocol analyzer/monitor???

A

Look it up

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162
Q

TWISTED PAIR COPPER CABLING

A

Most Common Ethernet Connection
Each pair sends opposite signals
Twisted cables twist away from interference. Combining 2 cables helps prevent interference
Cables are twisted at different intervals

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163
Q

What are the 4 pairs of twisted pair cabling?

A

Blue,blue/white, orange, orange/white, solid green, green/white, solid brown, brown/white

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164
Q

COAXIAL CABLES

A

Two or more forms sharing one axis
(metal wrapped around an insulator with metal rod, often used with RG6

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165
Q

PLENUM RATED CABLES

A

Plenum is a part of the air conditioning
In case of fire, plenum rated cables won’t smoke up. They’re usually more stiff.

166
Q

SHIELDED AND UNSHIELDED CABLE RATINGS

A

U-unshielded
S-braided shielding
F-foil shielding

167
Q

Ex. S/FTP

A

Braided around the entire cable, foil around the pairs

168
Q

Ex. F/UTP

A

Foil around the entire, nothing around pair

169
Q

DIRECT BURIAL STP CROSS SECTION

A

Overhead may not be best, Direct Burial STP for shielded twiisted pair
Sometimes they require no conduit
THey utilize waterproof gel, and a ground wire (AKA drain wire) to take away any additional voltages.

170
Q

Optical fiber:

A

No radio frequencies, they can go much further than twisted pair.
No interference from other radio frequencies
The fiber itself is very small, surrounded by absorbent cladding and protective layer

171
Q

Multimode

A

Multimode works up to 2km, uses inexpensive light source.
Multimode is large enough for multiple reflections to occur as light moves through fiber.

172
Q

Single mode

A

Single mode is much smaller, goes 100km+, uses lasers instead of LED

173
Q

Who defines network standards

A

The International ISO standard defines network standards

174
Q

Who defines cabling standards

A

Telecommunications Industry Association TIA
ANSI/TIA-568 commercial building telecomms cabling standard

175
Q

Who uses T568B?

A

End users often use T568B

176
Q

Who sets standards for Ethernet crossover cables

A

Check IEEE standards for ethernet crossover cables

177
Q

Which Piña are common in T568 A and B

A

Pins 4,5,7,& 8 are all the same in 568a and 568b
Many punch down blocks have guides for A and B.

178
Q

USB 1.1

A

USB 1.1 low speed was 1.5mbps up to 3m, high speed was 12mbps up to 5m

179
Q

USB2,0

A

USB2,0 was 480 mbps up to 5m

180
Q

USB3.0

A

USB3.0(superspeed) 5 gigabits/s over 3m, (No specified max cale length

181
Q

Types of usb connections

A

Standard A plug (regular plugs into comp)
Standard B plug (cricket plug)
Mini B plug (old cell phone, fat
Micro (regular phone)

182
Q

Which usb

A

Standard b and micro b now have the extra slot, but standard A is still the same

183
Q

USBC

A

The latest iteration, no A/B connection
Supespeed+ (USB 3.1 gen2) doubles the max speed to 10GBPS

184
Q

USB3.2

A

USB3.2 utilizes an extra lane and doubles speed??
USB3.0 has become USB 3.2 gen 1(single lane)

185
Q

USB3,2 gen 1&2

A

USB 3.2 gen1x2 uses 2 gen 1 lanes
USB 3.2 gen2x2 uses 2 gen 2 lanes

186
Q

THUNDERBOLT

A

HIgh speed serial connector that can put data and power on the same connector
Thunderbolt is based on the Mini DisplayPort (MDP) standard

187
Q

THunderbolt v1

A

THunderbolt v1 is a two channel technology. 10gbps per channel, 20 gbps total

188
Q

Thunderbolt V2

A

Thunderbolt V2 has an aggregate 20 gbps combined from both V1 channels (mini display port)

189
Q

THUNDERBOLT V3

A

USBC connector allows to double the thunderbolt V2 channels and now max spee is 40 GBPS
Max cable length of 3 meters (copper) and 60 meters (fiber)
You can daisy chain up to 6 devices

190
Q

VGA

A

VGA is an analog device, not digital and image quality deteriorates after 5-10 meters
15 pins can be assumed to be VGA
VGA is video only, you need another way to get sound when using VGA
THe blue color is specified by the PC System Design Guide

191
Q

HDMI

A

HDMI (hi def multimedia interface)
Video and audio
20 meters before dropout and DIGITAL ARTIFACTS appear on screen
19 pin type a connector (exclusive to HDMI)

192
Q

DisplayPORT

A

DisplayPort sends info in packeted form like ethernet and PCIe, carries audio and visual signals

193
Q

Mini displayport

A

Mini displayport (Like thunderbolt v1), and displayport (almost looks like a usb) hooks lock in a display port so you gotta press a release button.
Displayport and HDMI are compatible

194
Q

DVI

A

DVI DIGITAL VIDEO INTERFACE
Single link (3.7gbps)(60fps) and dual link (7.4 gbps)(85fps)
DVI doesn’t pass any audio support

195
Q

Analog vs digital DVI

A

DVI-A is analog (dice)
DVI-D is Digital (grid)
DVI-I is integrated (Grid+Dice)

196
Q

SATA DEVICE CABLES

A

(SERIAL AT ATTACHMENT)
SATA revision 1.0 1.5 gbps,1m
SATA revision 2.0 3 gbps, 1m
SATA revision 3.0 6 gbps,1m
SATA revision 3.2 16 gbps, 1m
eSATA(external SATA) matches sata version up to 2 meters

197
Q

SATA facts

A

SATA has a single connection, powering a singe device.
SATA goes directly from motherboard to STORAGE devices
eSATA use the same standard, but eSATA is very different connector, can’t mix

198
Q

SCSI

A

(Scuzi) Standard INterface for scanners, printers, etc.
SCSI can Daisy chain multiple peripherals (up to 16)
Many different SCSI Standards

199
Q

SCSI 2

A

SCSI is not just for hard drives, but also tape drives, CD ROMs, Scanners, etc.
You can have many different devices on one bus.
SCSI is very intelligent, it handles the how of accessing the peripherals.
SCSI has much support because it’s been around so long

200
Q

SCSI 3

A

There are many types of SCSI connectors
Every SCSI device has a separate ID number on the bus
Logical Units are defined within each SCSI ID to store drives for the peripherals
SCSI terminator should be at the end
Serial attached SCSI (SAS) have no jumpers, terminators, or settings

201
Q

Serial Attached SCSI

A

Serial attached SCSI (SAS) have no jumpers, terminators, or settings
The move from parallel to serial SCSI increased throughput and simplified implementation.
There was no more need to daisy chain or terminator, instead it was a point to point connection

202
Q

PATA name

A

The AT in pata and sata comes from the AT attachment standard one of the original computers from IBM,
PATA was originally called IDE integrated Drive Electronic

203
Q

40 wire vs. 80 wire PATA

A

On a 40 wire PATA cable the first device is 0 and the last device is device 1. These are switched for an 80 wire connection
80 wires helped decrease crosstalk with higher speeds.

204
Q

How do you know if your PATA is properly connected?

A

A missing pin and notches help orient the PATA connection
The storage device connector is identical to the motherboard connector

205
Q

HDMI is compatible with which DVI?

A

DVI-D is electrically compatible with HDMI, so you only need to switch the connector.

206
Q

DVI-A is compatible with ______

A

DVI-A is electrically compatible with VGA, but you can only get 640x480 resolution

207
Q

What if your laptop doesn’t have Ethernet?

A

you can get a USB to ethernet connection

208
Q

RJ11 CONNECTORS

A

RJ11 connectors have 6 positions and 2 connectors (6P2C), and they are used for telephone and DSL modems

209
Q

RJ45 CONNECTORS

A

RJ45 is (Registered jack type 45)
8position, 8connector (8p8c)
Modular connector, used for ethernet
RJ 11 has different shape than RJ 45

210
Q

F CONNECTORS

A

Cable connector (coax)
Internet connector (DOCSIS) (data over cable service interface spec)

211
Q

PUNCHDOWN BLOCKS

A

Wire to wire patch panel
Permanently attach wires to wiring block

212
Q

USB1.1/ 2.0 CONNECTORS

A

A is common, B is common for peripherals, mini and micro more for mobile devices

213
Q

MOLEX CONNECTORS

A

4 pin power connector, (AMP mate n lock)
Provides 12v and 5v

214
Q

LIGHTNING CONNECTORS

A

8 pin digital signal, proprietary apple tech

215
Q

DB-9 CONNECTORS

A

DB-9 are still commonly used in infrastructure devices with console connections
Commonly used to send RS-232 standards

216
Q

LC CONNECTOR (LOCAL CONNECTOR)

A

single connector with 2 fibers, 1 to transmit, and one to receive

217
Q

ST (STRAIGHT TIP) CONNECTORS

A

locks in with a quarter turn (fiber)

218
Q

SC (Subscriber/square connector)

A

often come in pairs, but they can be broken apart for separate runs.

219
Q

DDR3,4,&5

A

DDR3 increased data rates to twice as fast, maximum Ram of 16gb
DDR4 increases speed and max memory of a single module to 64gb
DDR5 maxes out at 64, but it has a larger throughput

220
Q

DIMM DUAL INLINE MEMORY MODULE

A

DIMM is the standardized memory module for RAM. One side is different than the other, hence DUAL
64bit data widths are a common spec

221
Q

SODIMM (SMALL OUTLINE DIMM)

A

SODIMM (SMALL OUTLINE DIMM)
About half the size, common for laptops
Sodimms are often horizontal??

222
Q

Dynamic Ram (DRAM)

A

Dynamic Ram (DRAM) has to constantly be refreshed, so it always needs power. Because it’s random, you can recall any piece of information you need (unlike magnetic tape)

223
Q

CLOCK

A

Synchronous DRAM, or SDRAM is in sync with a clock

224
Q

NOTCHES

A

NOTCHES
The notches prevent using incompatible ddr

225
Q

Double data rate (DDR)

A

allows you to transfer double the data as a single data rate

226
Q

VIRTUAL MEMORY???

A

Virtual ram, swap file etc. allows you to swap unused app data to storage. This is TEMPORARY

227
Q

MULTICHANNEL MEMORY

A

Dual, triple, or quad channel splits the throughput to multiple memory modules. Ideally, you would have the exact same memory in each slot

228
Q

ERRORS

A

Memory can check itself for critical compute systems (virtual machines, databases, etc.

229
Q

PARITY

A

Adds an additional bit, but it can’t always detect errors and won’t self correct (Even parity will add a bit to odd bytes to make all bits even, if something didn’t add up, data is corrupted)

230
Q

HDD

A

Non volatile (can turn off and on)
Random, don’t need to rewind tape
Mechanical components limit speed
All HDDs eventually fail

231
Q

HEAD AND PLATTER SPEEDS

A

The faster the drive spins, the lower the latency (HDDs can have multiple heads and platters as well)
5400 rpm - 5.55 ms
7200 rpm - 4.16 ms
10,000 rpm - 3 ms
15,000 rpm - 2 ms

232
Q

SSD

A

Is also non volatile (can turn on and off)
There’s no moving parts so no worry aboutmechanical breakdowns
Much faster than HDDs

233
Q

2.5 SATA INTERFACES

A

The interface is very important for an SSD, Sata and SSDs are sometimes interchangeable

234
Q

mSATA

A

Smaller and more common in mobile devices and laptops, no spinning pieces.
mSATA drives were quickly replaced by M.2 drives

235
Q

AHCI vs NVMe

A

Advanced Host Controller Interface (AHCI) is used by SATA to move hard drive data to ram
SSD can be much faster than SATA, so something else was needed.

236
Q

NVMe

A

(Non Volatile Memory express) is designed for SSD speeds. You need to use an M.2 interface for this.

237
Q

M.2 INTERFACE

A

Smaller form factor, no wires for power or data, higher throughput. Sata revision 3 might be 600gbps, nvme can be 4gbps with NVMe PCIe x4

238
Q

M.2 keys

A

There’s different kinds of keys for M.2. There’s aB key and aM key

239
Q

Flash memory, EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory)

A

This is non volatile memory (i.e flash drives don’t need power to save)
There’s a limited amount of times you can wire information to a flash drive. After that point, you should be able to read the information but you will not be able to write any more info

240
Q

RAID

A

Redundant Array of Inexpensive/Independant Disks
Some RAID levels give redundancy, some don’t

241
Q

RAID 0 (Striping)

A

2 drives, take all of your data and split it (stripe it) evenly between disks.
This provides performance increase, but if you lose anything , you’ve lost everything
Raid 0 means 0 redundancy

242
Q

RAID 1 (MIRRORING)

A

Duplicates every single drive for redundancy, but requires twice the storage

243
Q

RAID 5 STRIPING W/ PARITY

A

Requires more disks? Split the information and includes parity to piece together the bits from lost drives.
You also want to stagger the parity to different drives
You could lose performance when you have to use parity

244
Q

RAID 10

A

(1+0) A STRIPE of MIRRORS . (How many disks needed???)

245
Q

Standard ATX (Advanced Technology Xtended) Form Factors

A

A family of motherboard form factors, common in desktops, plenty of real estate for expansion slots and extra stuff
Was standardized in 1995
Power connector is 20, or 24 pins, some have additional power

246
Q

Mini ITX Form Factors:

A

Developed by VIA technologies in 2001
screw compatible in ATX
Ideal for small, single purpose computing, e.g streaming

247
Q

PCI

A

PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect) created in 1994
many expansion options, 32 bit and 64 bit bus widths (old, parallel tech)
PCI’s have different voltages as well, there are gaps, or keys that confirm bit width and power rating

248
Q

PCIe is more common and modern

A

PCIe uses unidirectional serial lanes
1,2,4,8,16, or 32 full duplex lanes are used (X1,X2,X4, etc. pronounced by1, by2, etc.)
Device A and B have two one way streets to communicate back and forth
DONT PUSH TOO HARD

249
Q

ATX Motherboard power connectors

A

was 20pin, switched to 24pin for power.
backwards compatible
Keyed slots ensure proper connection
A Lock prevents plug from slipping out
12v power connectors are used primarily for CPU and may be labeled CPU, P4, or ATX12V

250
Q

SATA CONNECTORS

A

are commonly used for hard drives and SSDs (STORAGE)
eSATA connections are a great way to add internal throughput and functionality to external storage devices

251
Q

HEADERS, or PIN HEADERS:

A

Groups of pins on the edge of the motherboard,
They might provide power, or USB, or computer buttons, or cooling fans
Computer Buttons are integrated through the motherboard is through connectors provided on the case.

252
Q

M.2 CONNECTORS

A

Used to plugin SSD to have all your storage connected to the motherboard.

253
Q

Intel vs. AMD

A

You’re locked in once you decide
AMD is cheaper and Intel is stronger.

254
Q

Laptop motherboards

A

are usually not built for speed, when it gets too hot, it’ll throttle to prevent damage from overheating.
Laptops have limited modifications.
Laptop system boards are proprietary and custom, so you can’t switch out motherboards like you can with ATX motherboards.

255
Q

What is the BIOS

A

Firmware, on ROM or FLASH MEMORY (nowadays, everything is flash, nothing is ROM)

256
Q

POST-Power On Self Test

A

is not comprehensive, but checks for memory, CPU, video, and some kind of input (keyboard, mouse, etc.)
Then it looks for a boot drive
Sometimes you have a backup bios so if you upgrade and something goes wrong, you can revert to the previous version.

257
Q

UEFI BIOS

A

(Unified Extensible Firmware Interface BIOS), which is based on Intel’s EFI

258
Q

4 BIOS tabs:

A

Main, Security, Advanced, UEFI Drivers

259
Q

How to get to the BIOS

A

Del, F1, F2, Ctrl-s, Ctrl-Alt-S, etc. during bootup to get to the BIOS settings
Hyper-V (Windows) and VMware Workstation Player allow you to change BIOS settings? (Not Virtualbox)
You can also search for UEFI BIOS simulator??

260
Q

How to get to BIOS on fast startup

A

holding shift when clicking restart,
go to settings/update and security/advanced startup/ restart now,
or system config
Or interrupt normal boot system 3 times

261
Q

BIOS best practices

A

YOU HAVE TO MAKE A BACKUP OF YOUR BIOS CONFIGURATIONS (write notes, take picture)
BE SURE ABOUT YOUR CHANGES

262
Q

Versions of windows with fast startup

A

Windows 8, 10, and 11 have fast startup so you don’t have time to get to BIOS

263
Q

What can you do in BIOS

A

You can disable the OS access to hardware from the BIOS
You can tell the BIOS where to boot from (i.e. usb boot drive, ssd, hard drive)
You can modify USB permissions, etc.

264
Q

Secure boot

A

SECURE BOOT uses digital signatures to prevent malware from using your boot, it’s stock with UEFI
You can add a boot password for added safety
If you forget password, you gotta reset the BIO

265
Q

Older computers use what instead of flash for BIOS

A

CMOS is a type of memory backed up with a battery sometimes, nowadays we use flash
You can reset flash memory with a jumper that shorts the circuit
(You can remove battery in older computers)

266
Q

TRUSTED PLATFORM MODULE (TPM)

A

necessary for full disk encryption
A cryptographic processor generates random numbers and keys.
It also has persistent memory to verify past keys, and also as a digital signature that shows the source of the info
TPMs are protected against brute force attacks

267
Q

HSM

A

(Hardware Security Module)
Is used in large environments, and it’s a very high end security device
Uses a plugin card??
IT can backup keys for servers
Lightweight HSMs (smart cards)
You can offload certain cryptographic functions?

268
Q

How many bits in 32 bit architecture

A

A 32 bit processor can access up to 2 to the 32nd of information, which is 4gb of values

269
Q

How many bits can a 64 bit architecture hold?

A

A 64 bit processor can access 17gb

270
Q

Can you run 64 bit drivers on an x86 architecture?

A

No, because a 64 bit OS can run 32 bit apps, but 32 bit OS can’t run 64 bit apps

271
Q

Can multiple cores have the same cache?

A

CPUs have mulltiple cores nowadays, and each core can have multiple caches, or there can be a shared cache

272
Q

Hyper threading technology

A

Hyper threading technology is a single core that looks like it’s multiple cores, which increases throughput by 15-30%

273
Q

It’s virtualization software stock in a CPU?

A

Virtualization software CAN come built into the CPU, Intel Virtualization tech and AMD virtualization can be easier to manage

274
Q

Sound card

A

Sound cards are good for high end audio and multiple inputs (headphonejacks, line jacks, digital audio jack)

275
Q

Integrated graphics card

A

Many CPUs have an integrated graphics card, sometimes you can have separate GPU

276
Q

How to connect to graphics card

A

Integrated graphics card has many types of connectors (VGA, DVI, etc.) and you have to use that connector to utilize that graphics card

277
Q

Capture cards

A

Capture cards are good for streaming and external cameras

278
Q

SDI

A

(serial digital interface?? Like a HDMI)???

279
Q

Misc cards

A

Network Interface Card
Multiport ethernet cards are great for servers

280
Q

Expansion card best practices

A

Check the slot type, Hardware and software minimums, utilize Knowledge base and support forums, drivers, etc.
Download Device Drivers from MFR site for latest version

281
Q

How are adaptor cards cooled?

A

Some adaptor cards come with their own, other do not

282
Q

How are small devices cooled?

A

Small devices have passive cooling

283
Q

Heat sinks

A

Heat sinks are usually copper or aluminum alloy and is a good example of passive cooling

284
Q

Thermal paste vs. thermal pad

A

Heat sinks require thermal paste or thermal pad (less messy, but less effective and non reusable)

285
Q

Liquid cooling

A

Liquid cooling is for higher end systems (gaming, overclocking, etc.)
Liquid systems use a radiator

286
Q

Computer Power Warning

A

ALWAYS DISCONNECT POWER WHEN WORKING ON A DEVICE
SOME DEVICES HAVE CAPACITORS THAT WILL STORE ENERGY EVEN WHEN POWERED OFF

287
Q

Calculate watts

A

watts=volts x amps

288
Q

What is Hertz?

A

Hertz= the amt of cycles per second of electricity

289
Q

Standard voltage and Hertz

A

In America: 110-120V, 60 Hz
In Europe: 220-240V, 50 Hz
(Power supply might have a switch to go from 120V to 230V, switch is sometimes automatic
Use a multimeter if unsure.)

290
Q

Voltages for various cpu components

A

(DC current is measured in + or -)
PCIe adaptors, fans, hard drive motors,and most modern components use +12V
Legacy motherboards use +5 V
Many components (M.2 Slots, Ram, motherboard logic circuits) are now using +3.3 V
+5SB is for sleep mode

291
Q

Voltage for integrated LANs

A

Older components use -12V for integrated LAN or serial ports, PCI cards?
Some provide -5 V for legacy systems

292
Q

Motherboards connector (power)

A

24 pin motherboard connector is the main power for motherboard. It provides +3.3V, +/-5V, and +/-12V of power

293
Q

Redundant Power in servers

A

Many servers have redundant power supplies.
Ordinarily they’d both take %50 of the load and then when one goes down, you can swap the bad one out while the unit is still running

294
Q

Fixedvs Modular Connectors

A

Connectors can be fixed, or modular. Modular allows for only the cords that you need and that will optimize airflow. Some systems allow for hybrid power supplies of both

295
Q

Is having too much power good or bad?

A

More power than necessary is a waste. It don’t hurt, it don’t help.
Power supplies are pretty much standardized, but exceptions apply.

296
Q

What’s the biggest power draw in a system?

A

Video cards are usually the biggest power draw of a CPU system

297
Q

Per rating best practices

A

A good rule of thumb is to take the wattage you calculated, and double it

298
Q

If you don’t have the exact printer driver can you substitute with something similar?

A

No. Printer drivers are specific to the device, and you NEED to get this exactly right, also You need to consider the OS and the 32 vs 64 bit drivers

299
Q

Different printer languages???

A

PCL (printer command language)was created by HP and is commonly used.
Postscript was developed by Adobe, and is popular with high end printers
Make sure the driver matches the language, because some devices can be configured to work with PCL and Postscript

300
Q

Printer connection types

A

Usually connected by the USB connector, also RJ45 is commonly used so ppl can print from anywhere in the network.
You could use Bluetooth also, but the range is limited.
802.11 infrastructure mode (wireless access point) is also common
802.11 ad hoc mode (direct link)

301
Q

Printer sharing vs. print servers

A

Printer Share uses one computer as a thouroughfare for all print jobs on the network, but if you turn that computer off, everyone loses access to the printer.
A print server doesn’t require a computer. Jobs are handled directly from the printer via a web-based front end, or an .exe

302
Q

Different print formats

A

Duplex: print both sided.
Portrait vs. landscape

303
Q

Printer authentication

A

You might want to have user authentication on expensive printers. (password, id badge, etc.)
Audit logs can tell you whos printing what.
Secure prints require you to decide on a pin, then it will hold the job, and not print until you’re physically at the printer to put in the pin

304
Q

Virtual scanner options

A

You can scan to email (large scans can fill your mailbox), Scan to a folder using SMB, or send to cloud storage

305
Q

Laser printer overview

A

Laser printers use lasers, high voltage, charged ions, heat, and powdered ink to produce very high quality prints quickly. (Requires on-printer memory, often CYMK)

306
Q

Laser printer processes

A
  1. Processing, 2. Charging 3. Exposing (laser) 4. Developing (Toner on drum) 5.Transferring (toner from drum to paper) 6. Fusing 7. Cleaning
307
Q

Toner with drum replacement

A

Toner sometimes comes with an Organic Photoconductor Drum (OPC drum), which is sensitive to light and comes in opaque packaging
Power down the printer, then switch them out,

308
Q

Laser printer page counter

A

You can check the printer’s page counter which will dictate when certain maintenance tasks have to be performed
Reset the page counter when you’re done.

309
Q

Printer cleaning

A

Laser printers have paper and toner dust that has to be cleaned.
Water and isopropyl alcohol on a damp cloth is usually sufficient, but check documentation
Toner needs a specific kind of vacuum, hot water can melt toner, making it harder to clean

310
Q

Inkjet printer notes

A

Cheaper, high res, quieter, but ink is expensive
Not archival/ it fadeseventually
It clogs easily, some have a daily clean cycle.
Some cartridges have an integrated printhead, sometimes their separate.
To properly align printer heads, calibrate the printer

311
Q

MAINTENANCE

A

Streaks or missing sections of color may be caused by a clogged pinthead
Some printers have a combined cartridge, but you have to replace the whole thing when you run out of one color.
There may be some options to release tension on paper in case of paper jam. Make sure all paper residue is cleaned

312
Q

On an inkjet printer, streaks or missing sections of color may be caused by…

A

a clogged pinthead

313
Q

Thermal printer

A

If you leave it near heat, the whole page turns black.
NOT for archival information
THere’s a silver heating element.
Make sure you get the exact right kind of paper

314
Q

On a thermal printer, what can cause missing info on reciept?

A

A dirty heating element

315
Q

Thermal printer cleaning tips

A

ONLY clean where the cleaning element meets paper. They also sell cleaning cards
You can blow them out to get rid of paper debris
Avoid using a vacuum on printers unless it’s specifically designed.
Avoid storing thermal paper anywhere near heat

316
Q

Impact printer notrf

A

Presses against the paper to leave indented dots.
Cheap and good for multiple copies, but it’s noisy and has bad graphics

317
Q

Why is the printers larger on impact printers?

A

THe printhead is larger because it contains a heat sink.
The ink is contained on a printing ribbon which is made of fabric and is of a proprietary size

318
Q

What color is associated with mainframe

A

GREEN BAR PAPER IS ASSOCIATED WITH MAINFRAME PRINTERS??

319
Q

Impact printer maintenance

A

Print ribbon goes bad and ink gets lighter and lighter
The printhead can get messed up as well. When you change the printhead, change the ribbon too
When replacing the paper, you must line it up perfectly

320
Q

FDM

A

FDM Fused Deposition Modelling (Filament) melts filament to create 3D objects. It’s a good all around printer.

321
Q

A stereolithography (SLA) printer uses resin and makes very clean, finely detailed 3D prints.
THe entire print hangs from a build platform and is dipped bit by bit into the resin.

A

A stereolithography (SLA) printer uses resin and makes very clean, finely detailed 3D prints.
THe entire print hangs from a build platform and is dipped bit by bit into the resin.

322
Q

What are some examples of public servers?

A

Amazon, microsoft, rackspace, etc.

323
Q

Internal cloud characteristics

A

Internal cloud has no shared resources.
You need to have your own data center, you gotta handle up front cost, but there’s no ongoing subscription cost.

324
Q

External clouds characteristics

A

underlying ifrastructure is owned by a third party, cost may be up front or metered.
Metered costs are usually low up front, and you pay for uploads,downloads, storage, etc.
Non metered is charged monthly.
Rapid Elasticity and File synchronization

325
Q

Virtual machine notes

A

Been around since 1967 IBM mainframes
You can run legacy software on a vm
Hypervisor, or Virtual Machine Manager manages the guest OS
Certain CPUs are designed for virtualization

326
Q

Can virtual machine replace another security measure?

A

NO. EVEN WITH A VM, YOU STILL NEED TRADITIONAL SECURITY CONTROLS: host based firewalls, anti-virus, anti-spyware

327
Q

Bridged Network Address-

A

Bridged Network Address- Every VM has its own IP address. YOu don’t have to worry about network address translation.

328
Q

Private Address- (VM)

A

You lock down the VM so there’s no communication outside of the virtualized environment

329
Q

Change control

A

a formal process for managing change.
It helps avoid downtime, mistakes, and confusion, and is corporate policy
(Estimate risks, formulate recovery plan, establish tests, document/get approval for change)

330
Q

TROUBLESHOOTING PROCESS

A

Somethings Broken-Identify the Problem
Establish some theories- test the theories- evaluate if it’s working- repeat
Create a plan of action-implement plan- verify full system functionality- document findings

331
Q

IDENTIFY THE PROBLEM

A

Gather info (duplicate the issue, if possible, get a screenshot)
Gather symptoms (may be multiple symptoms)
Question user (email and phone calls)
Determine if anything has changed
Approach multiple problems individually
Get backups of everything, take notes

332
Q

ESTABLISH A THEORY

A

Occam’s Razor: the simplest explanation is often the most likely
Consider everything (think outside the box)
Make a list of all possible causes
Get documentation, maybe someone else already dealt with this exact problem

333
Q

TEST THE THEORY

A

Go through theories, easiest, to hardest

334
Q

CREATE A PLAN OF ACTION

A

Correct the issue with minimum impact, always include a rollback plan
Have a plan B and a plan C

335
Q

IMPLEMENT THE SOLUTION

A

Fix the issue (usually there’s time constraints)
Escalate as necessary (call in help)

336
Q

VERIFY FULL SYSTEM FUNCTIONALITY

A

The test should be a part of the plan
Implement preventative measures

337
Q

DOCUMENT FINDINGS

A

List symptoms, changes, and results
Most databases will have help desk software or knowledge-base software that heps prevent

338
Q

POST (diagnostic)

A

POST (Power On Self Test) designed to make sure that all of the main components are available. (CPU, VIDEO, KEYBOARD, MEMORY, etc.)

339
Q

Beep codes:

A

You get a beeping sound and a visual message, the beeps are there if your computer screen doesn’t work
Beep codes differ from one brand to the next, so check motherboard documentation
Beep codes might tell you that you have a bad video, bad memory, or bad cpu/no cpu

340
Q

What to do if date and time are off in the BIOS

A

Date and time setting might be off in the BIOS. change the battery

341
Q

What is a good first step of a computer crashes

A

You can go to the !!!WINDOWS EVENT VIEWER!!! To see what the event logs say about the problem. It may not help much.
Contact MFR of computer and of the software that is causing the error. They can access DEBUG LOGS???

342
Q

Blue Screen

A

can be caused by bad hardware, bad drivers, or a bad application
You can get a previous configuration: Last Known Good, System Restore, or Rollback Driver!!
Sometimes you can boot up in SAFE MODE!!! (certain drivers aren’t loaded in safe mode, so it can help pinpoint the problem)
Remove and reseat new hardware.

343
Q

SPINNING BALL OF DEATH (MacOS)

A

If it doesn’t go away, you gotta power down and power back up.
Possible reasons:Application Bug, Bad hardware/memory, or Slow paging to disc.
If you gotta restart, go to console logs

344
Q

BLACK SCREEN

A

Start with the cabling for power and connection
Check input settings HDMI, DVI, etc.
Check brightness settings,
swap with a known good monitor.
If The screen works until WIndows loads, then you want to startup in WINDOWS VGA MODE. (vga mode is a generic mode that works with almost every monitor)

345
Q

NO POWER:

A

Check power supply with multimeter
Check fans, if fans are on, trace the power to see where the power is coming from.
Check POST

346
Q

SMOKE AND BURNING SMELL

A

If you see/smell smoke, power down
Locate bad components on motherboard

347
Q

INTERMITTENT SHUTDOWN

A

In windows, restart and check event viewer.
Might be heat related, might be faile hardware (check device manager)
Detailed diagnostics (Proccess of elimination, see what’s working well.)

348
Q

APPLICATION CRASHES

A

It may provide an error msg, might just disappear, but it won’t offer much info
Check event viewer for more info.
Reliability monitor will provide a graphical representation
If you think you know which app is bugging, Uninstall and reinstall latest version

349
Q

GRINDING NOISES

A

Computers should hum, not grind
It’s probably the HDD or the fan
Rattling might be from loose components
Scraping noise might be from HDD, very serious
Clicking is usually the fan

350
Q

What causes a popping sound in a computer

A

A pop is usually the capacitor on a motherboard (bulging cylinders, very faint)

351
Q

LOCKUPS

A

System Completely Stops, usually not much in the event logs
Check for anything that is still responsive, e.g hard drive, status lights, num lock button, try ctr-alt-del
See if any new work has been done recently (hardware drivers, software patches)
Low resources (ram and storage)
Hardware diagnostics might be necessary

352
Q

CONTINOUS REBOOTS

A

How far does the boot go before it restarts (does it stop at the BIOS, at the OS logo?)
If you have a bad driver, hit F8 and boot from last known working configuration
Hit F8, safe mode, disable automatic restarts in system properties (gives you time to read blue screens or error msgs)
Try to swap harware (adapter card, memory, etc.)

353
Q

INCORRECT DATE AND TIME

A

Gotta change battery, or else you’ll get an error msg.
Changing battery will NOT alter BIOS, which is stored on motherboard in flash memory. (jumper wire)

354
Q

SLUGGISH PERFORMANCE

A

Task manager, view CPU utilization per process
Check performance tab as well
If low utilization, it may be a problem with the I/O devices
Windows updates might slow down computer without giving info on background processes
Check Disk Space

355
Q

Sluggish performance pt 2

A

Power throttling in certain modes, (power saving mode)
Hot computers might slow down to stay cool
Antivirus might be working in the background as well
Fans and Heat sinks have to be clear and clean.
Temperature monitoring software is built into the BIOS, but you can get a 3rd party monitor like HWMONITOR for more info

356
Q

SMOKE AND BURNING SMELL

A

If you see/smell smoke, power down
Locate bad components on motherboard.

357
Q

INTERMITTENT SHUTDOWN

A

In windows, restart and check event viewer.
Might be heat related, might be faile hardware (check device manager)
Detailed diagnostics (Proccess of elimination, see what’s working well.)

358
Q

APPLICATION CRASHES

A

It may provide an error msg, might just disappear, but it won’t offer much info
Check event viewer for more info.
Reliability monitor will provide a graphical representation
If you think you know which app is bugging, Uninstall and reinstall latest version

359
Q

GRINDING NOISES

A

Computers should hum, not grind
It’s probably the HDD or the fan
Rattling might be from loose components
Scraping noise might be from HDD, very serious
Clicking is usually the fan
A pop is usually the capacitor on a motherboard (bulging cylinders, very faint)

360
Q

LOCKUPS

A

System Completely Stops, usually not much in the event logs
Check for anything that is still responsive, e.g hard drive, status lights, num lock button, try ctr-alt-del
See if any new work has been done recently (hardware drivers, software patches)
Low resources (ram and storage)
Hardware diagnostics might be necessary

361
Q

CONTINOUS REBOOTS

A

How far does the boot go before it restarts (does it stop at the BIOS, at the OS logo?)
If you have a bad driver, hit F8 and boot from last known working configuration
Hit F8, safe mode, disable automatic restarts in system properties (gives you time to read blue screens or error msgs)
Try to swap harware (adapter card, memory, etc.)

362
Q

INCORRECT DATE AND TIME

A

Gotta change battery, or else you’ll get an error msg.
Changing battery will NOT alter BIOS, which is stored on motherboard in flash memory. (jumper wire)

363
Q

‘Cannot read from the source disk’

A

Could be from slow performance (constant LED activity on Hard drive light, or constantly retrying)
Loud clicking, grinding, or scraping

364
Q

BOOT FAILURE

A

‘Drive not recognized, boot device not found.’
‘OS not found’ (can reach the hard drive but can’t reach the OS)
Check your cables
Check boot sequence in BIOS (check for removable disks, especially USB, and check for disabled storage interfaces)

365
Q

Boot failure If booting from a new installation/hardware config:

A

Check data and power cables, check sata interfaces,
Try the drive in a different computer

366
Q

DATA LOSS/CORRUPTION

A

Recovery is expensive and not always successful
SSDs may allow to read, but not to write (data can be permanently lost)

367
Q

RAID NOT FOUND
(dell config utility?)

A

If a Single drive has failed, you could usually use a RAID manager in the system to get more info

368
Q

S.M.A.R.T- Self Monitoring Analysis and Reporting Tech

A

???

369
Q

EXTENDED READ/WRITE TIMES

A

A lot happens when reading/writing data. Memory access, communication across the bus, spinning drive access reading data to different storage devices
There can be delays anywhere within this process.
Measure the IOPS (Input/Output Operations Per Second) to get big picture view of data used.
200 IOPS for HDD, 1,000,000 IOPS for SSD

370
Q

MISSING DRIVES IN OS

A

Check the BIOS, Check for bad drives/cables, reseat the drives
If it’s a external drive, make sure you got power to the drive

371
Q

If the missing drive is a NETWORK SHARE??

A

you may have missed that drive being mounted during the startup process, try to reconnect, or run LOGIN SCRIPT?? Again

372
Q

Video troubleshooting first steps

A

Check connection, Check input selectionTry a known good monitor,check brightness ctrls, load in f8 (VGA mode/safe mode?)

373
Q

IMG quality problems

A

Check the cable pins, ESPECIALLY when missing a color

374
Q

Distorted geometry

A

CHange OS refresh rates and resolution settings
Disable hardware acceleration

375
Q

NATIVE RESOLUTION

A

LCD has a fixed number of pixels
Video looks best when the video matches the display’s native resolution
Try to use a multiple of native resolution and maintain proportions

376
Q

BURN-IN

A

Is a problem across the board
Some displays will pixel shift to prevent burn-in
On LCDs it’s called image sticking, you want to show a white screen for a while to reset

377
Q

POOR BATTERY HEALTH

A

Phone batteries will degrade over time.
Searching for signal will worsen the battery life, so go in airplane mode when you’re out of network
Check the battery features to find our what’s consuming the battery life

378
Q

SWOLLEN BATERY

A

Significant fire risk
Have to dispose properly and replace with a known good battery

379
Q

BROKEN SCREEN

A

Perfect time for a backup,
Sometimes you have to replace entire display
Maybe tape it down to prevent cuts

380
Q

IMPROPER CHARGING

A

Clean out with safety pin
Check cable
Check outlet with multimeter

381
Q

POOR OR NO CONNECTIVITY

A

Wifi has a limited range, interference can limit throughput, May need to change channel/frequency configuration

382
Q

LIQUID DAMAGE

A

Phone manufacturers use liquid contact indicator to know if there was a spill
Power down, break it down,put it in silica gel
Leave it ALONE for at least a day

383
Q

OVERHEATING

A

Phone will automatically shutdown
Charging,using, display, and CPU all make heat internally

384
Q

DIGITIZER ISSUES

A

Touchscreen can be completely black, or unresponsive
Hold the power buton for a soft reset, if you can’t access the screen, hard reset by holding the power and volume/home buttons for 10 seconds

385
Q

PHYSICALLY DAMAGED PORTS

A

Charging ports are built into the system board, so to fix it, you have to swap the entire board

386
Q

MALWARE

A

Look for unusual apps, large data transfers, pop up messages, high CPU usage, excessive battery use, battery overheating
Try a security app or virus scanner

387
Q

CURSOR DRIFT

A

Common on older machines
Use a touch calibration app

388
Q

TESTING THE PRINTER

A

Print test is built into windows
THere can be diagnostics built into the printer itself as well

389
Q

BAD OUTPUT

A

Lines down the page: inkjet, check the inkjet, laser, check the drum

390
Q

Faded print check the toner/ink

A

Echo images, laser printer optical drum isn’t being cleaned properly

391
Q

GARBLED PRINT

A

Wrong driver, or wrong printer language
Print a test page to verify functionality

392
Q

Toner not sticking to the paper

A

Touching the page smudges it (fuser assembly not working)

393
Q

Creased paper in printer

A

If the paper is coming out creased, might be a blockage, or maybe worng weight of paper

394
Q

Corrupted print job

A

If you get a corrupted printjob then the print spooler will crash and backup the print queue, delete the corrupted file and you should be good

395
Q

Color accuracy for printers

A

COLOR ACCURACY
Calibrate screen (3rd party options)
Then calibrate the printer

396
Q

GRINDING NOISES in printer

A

Never a good sound
Could be a paper jam, could be mechanical and require professional help.

397
Q

Printer finishing options

A

Some printers have staplers built in, Some printers can bind like a book, some printers can punch holes

398
Q

INCORECT PAGE ORIENTATION

A

Check settings
Check the default printer settings

399
Q

5.7 TROUBLESHOOTING NETWORKS

A

Check for a link light
Now, see how far you are into the network
Ping the loopback address, if it responds, then look further
Ping local IP address assigned by network adapter
Next, ping the default gateway (critical link between your device and the rest of the world)
Finally, Ping external websites, like google

400
Q

INTERMITTENT WIRELESS CONNECTIVITY

A

Could be Interference, check signal strength
Check transmitting and receiving antennae
Channels are usually automatical, but look for manual tuning
Bounce and latency
You may have to move closer to the access point

401
Q

PREDICTABLE FORMS OF INTEREFERENCE

A

Flourescent lights, microwave ovens, cordeless phones, high power sources
UNPREDICATBLE INTERFERENCE is other tenants
Check the signal to noise ratio SNR (WIndows performance monitor)

402
Q

LIMITED OR NO CONNECTIVITY

A

Check IP address (ideally assigned by a DHCP server)
If you see an Automatic Private IP Address APIPA then you can’t get one from DHCP
Check local gateway and remote ip address???

403
Q

JITTER

A

There’s no retransmission on live streams
Jitter is a statistical measure of the time between frames
Voice calls become choppy when there’s a lot of jitter

404
Q

POOR VOIP QUALITY

A

You neeed high speed low latency internet
Check local network equipment, some old routers can’t handle the throughput
PERFORM A PACKET CAPTURE TO VIEW NETWORK PERFORMANCE??

405
Q

LATENCY

A

Some latency is normal
You gotta examine latency at every sep along the way, which will require MULTIPLE MEASUREMENT TOOLS??
Packet captures are a great help. You can et details down to the microsecond

406
Q

PORT FLAPPING

A

Link light goes on and off
Try using a cable tester
Move to a different interface and see if that helps
The problem may also be with the comuter or NIC for the device

407
Q

DEAD PIXELS

A

if the pixels are always dead, it’s a manufacturer defect
Clean the monitor
You gotta replace the monitor

408
Q

FLASHING IMAGE

A

check the cable, reseat it, replace it if that don’t work
Check the monitor settings first

409
Q

INCORRECT COLOR DISPLAY

A

Monitor settings (tint, color presets, factory reset)
Driver config
OS config (some have a night light settings)

410
Q

LCD projectors

A

Metal halide lamp gets hot, lamps are expensive, so leave thze fan on after use
Intermittent shutdown-cooling problem
Some projectors have airflow filters that need to be replaced

411
Q

LOOPBACK:

A

127.0.0.1 (127.x.x.x) Simply refers to your own system
CMD ping 127.0.0.1 (should get a reply when things are working well)
Verifies that the NIC is working.

Tech (6 decks)

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