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Motor Learning > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Motor learning involves the study of what?

A

Learning of motor skills
Performance and enhancement of learned or highly experienced motor skills
Relearning of skills after injury, disease, etc

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2
Q

Motor control includes what kind of studies?

A

How the neuromuscular system functions to activate and coordinate
the muscles and limbs involved in the performance of a motor skill.

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3
Q

Motor development involves what kinds of studies?

A

Motor behavior and human development from infancy through old age

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4
Q

What are the 3 influences on how we perform a skill?

A

The person
The skill
The performance environment

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5
Q

What are skills?

A

Tasks or activities that have specific goals to achieve (action goals).

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6
Q

What are actions?

A

Term often used synonymously with the term motor skills.

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7
Q

What are motor skills?

A

Specific skills you are trying to achieve

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8
Q

What are characteristics of skills and actions?

A

There is a goal to achieve.
Types of motor skills of interest are performed voluntarily.
Motor skills require movement of joints and body segments to accomplish task goals.
Skills need to be learned, or relearned.

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9
Q

What are movements?

A

Specific patterns of motion among joints and body segments.

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10
Q

What are neuromotor processing?

A

Mechanisms within the nervous and muscular systems that underlie the control of movements and actions.

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11
Q

Why do we classify motor skills?

A

Provides basis for identifying similarities/differences among skills.
Helps identify demands different skills place on performer/learner.
Provides basis for developing principles related to performing and learning motor skills.

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12
Q

What are the 2 categories for One-Dimension System: Size of Primary Musculature Required?

A

Gross motor skills
Fine motor skills

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13
Q

What are gross motor skills?

A

Require the use of large musculature to achieve the goal of the skill.

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14
Q

What are fine motor skills?

A

Require control of the small muscles to achieve the goal of the skill.

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15
Q

What are the 2 main categories for One-Dimension System: Specificity of Where Movement of a Skill Begins and Ends?

A

Discrete motor skills
Continuous motor skills

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16
Q

What are discrete motor skills?

A

Specified beginning and end points, usually require a simple movement.

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17
Q

What are continuous motor skills?

A

Arbitrary movement beginning and end points; usually involve repetitive movements.

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18
Q

What are serial motor skills?

A

Involve a continuous series of discrete movements.

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19
Q

What is environmental context?

A

The physical location / setting in which a skill is performed.

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20
Q

What are the 3 specific features of environmental context?

A

Supporting surface.
Objects involved.
Other people or animals.

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21
Q

What are the 2 main categories of One-Dimension System: Stability of the Environmental Context?

A

Closed motor skills
Open motor skills

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22
Q

What are closed motor skills?

A

Involve a stationary supporting surface, object, and/or other people/animal; performer determines when to begin the action.

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23
Q

What are open motor skills?

A

Performed in an environment in which supporting surfaces, objects, and/or other people or animals are in motion; environmental context in motion determines when to begin the action

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24
Q

What are regulatory conditions?

A

Features of environmental context (objects, surfaces, or other people) to which movements must conform to achieve the action goal.

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25
Q

What are nonregulatory conditions?

A

Features of environment that have no influence or only an indirect influence on movement characteristics.

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26
Q

What is intertrial variability?

A

Variations in the regulatory conditions associated with the performance of a skill change or stay the same from one trial to the next.

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27
Q

According to gentiles taxonomy of tasks what are functions of an action?

A

Body stability
Body ransport
Object manipulation

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28
Q

What is body stability?

A

Skills that involve no change in body location during the performance of the skill.

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29
Q

What is body transport?

A

Includes active and passive changes of body locations.

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30
Q

What is object manipulation?

A

Maintaining/changing the position of moveable objects.

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31
Q

What are the 2 general categories of measuring motor skill performance?

A

Performance outcome measures
Performance production measures

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32
Q

What are performance outcome measures?

A

Indicates the outcome or a result of performing a motor skill

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33
Q

What is performance production measures?

A

Indicate how the nervous, muscular, and skeletal systems function during the performance of a motor skill

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34
Q

What is reaction time (RT)?

A

Common measure indicating how long it takes a person to prepare and initiate a movement.

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35
Q

What is RT used for?

A

Assess how quickly a person can initiate a required movement.
Identify the environmental context information a person uses to prepare to produce a required action.
Assess the capabilities of a person to anticipate a required action and determine when to initiate it.

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36
Q

What are the 2 components of fractionated RT?

A

Premotor time
Motor time

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37
Q

What is premotor time?

A

Quiet interval of time between the onset of the stimulus signal and the beginning of the muscle activity.

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38
Q

What is motor time?

A

Period of time from the increase in muscle activity until the actual beginning of observable limb movement.

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39
Q

What do error measure do?

A

Allow us to evaluate performance for skills that have spatial or temporal accuracy action goals.

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40
Q

What are the 3 error measures?

A

Absolute error (AE)
Constant error
Variable error

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41
Q

What is absolute error (AE)?

A

Absolute difference between the actual performance on each trial and the criterion for each trial.

AE = ∑|(Performance − Criterion)| / Number of trials

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42
Q

What is constant error?

A

Signed (+/−) deviation from the target or criterion.

CE = ∑(Performance − Criterion) / Number of trials

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43
Q

What is variable error?

A

The standard deviation of the CE scores for the series of repetitions.

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44
Q

What is radial error?

A

General accuracy measure for the two- dimension situation.

Distance from target

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45
Q

What is root-mean squared error (RMSE)?

A

Commonly used error score for continuous skills.

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46
Q

What is kinematic?

A

Description of motion without regard to force or mass; it includes displacement, velocity, and acceleration.

Physics of movement being done

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47
Q

What is kinematic displacement?

A

Change in the spatial position of a limb or joint during a movement.

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48
Q

What is kinematic velocity?

A

Rate of change of an object’s position with respect to time.

V = Displacement / Time

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49
Q

What is kinematic acceleration?

A

Change in velocity during movement.
A = Change in Velocity / Change in Time

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50
Q

What is Kinetics?

A

Study of the role of force as a cause of motion.

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51
Q

What are muscle activity measures?

A

Electromyography (EMG)
Whole Muscle Mechanomyography (WMMG)
Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS).

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52
Q

What are Electromyography (EMG)?

A

Recording of the electrical activity of a muscle or group of muscles.

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53
Q

What is Whole Muscle Mechanomyography (wMMG)?

A

Detects and measures the lateral displacement of a muscle’s belly following maximal percutaneous neuromuscular stimulation .

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54
Q

What is Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS)?

A

Determines the level of oxygenation in the muscle.

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55
Q

What are brain activity measures?

A

Electroencephalography (EEG)
Positron Emission Topography (P E T)
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
Magnetoencephalography (M E G)
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

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56
Q

What is Electroencephalography (EEG)?

A

Measures electrical activity in brain.

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57
Q

What is Positron Emission Topography (P E T)?

A

Neuroimaging technique that measures blood flow in the brain.

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58
Q

What is Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)?

A

Neuroimaging technique that measures blood flow changes by detecting blood oxygenation levels while a person is performing a skill or activity in the MRI scanner.

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59
Q

What is Magnetoencephalography (M E G)?

A

Assesses magnetic fields created by neuronal activity in the brain.

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60
Q

What is Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)?

A

Method in which a short burst of a field of magnetic waves is directed at a specific area of the cortex.

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61
Q

What is measuring coordination?

A

Assesses the movement relationship between joints or limb and body segments.

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62
Q

What is ability?

A

A general trait or capacity of a person.

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63
Q

What is motor ability?

A

An ability that is specifically related to the performance of a motor skill.

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64
Q

What are the 2 hypothesis for Abilities as Individual-Difference Variables?

A

General motor ability hypothesis
Specificity of motor ability hypothesis

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65
Q

What is general motor ability hypothesis?

A

Many motor abilities are highly related and can be grouped as a singular, global motor ability

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66
Q

What is specificity of motor ability hypothesis?

A

Many motor abilities are relatively independent in an individual

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67
Q

What are the 2 examples of specific abilities?

A

Static balance
Dynamic balance

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68
Q

As motor ability what should balance be viewed as?

A

Multidimensional

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69
Q

What is external timing?

A

Movement timing based on external source (externally- paced timing)

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70
Q

What is internal timing?

A

Timing of movement based on person’s internal representation of time (self-paced timing)

71
Q

What is Flemishmans taxonomy of motor abilities?

A

to define the fewest independent ability categories which might be most useful and meaningful in defining performance in the widest variety of tasks

72
Q

What is multilimb coordination?

A

Ability to coordinate movements of a number of limbs simultaneously

73
Q

What is response orientation?

A

Ability to make a rapid selection of controls to be moved

74
Q

What is manual dexterity?

A

Ability to make skillful arm-hand movements to manipulate large objects under speeded conditions

75
Q

What are tests for motor abilities used for?

A

Predicting future performance of a motor skill or physical activity (aptitude tests)

76
Q

What is a afferent neuron?

A

Sends sensory signal from Sensory receptors to CNS

77
Q

What is interneurons?

A

Connect brain regions not motor or sensory specific

78
Q

What are efferent neurons?

A

Axonal projections that exit a particular region

79
Q

What are sensory neurons?

A

Send neural impulses to the central nervous system (CNS) from sensory receptors.

80
Q

What are the two types of motor neurons?

A

Alpha motor neurons
Gamma motor neurons 

81
Q

What are alpha motor neurons? 

A

Have long branching axons that connect directly with the skeletal muscle fibers.

82
Q

What are gamma motor neurons

A

Supply a portion of the skeletal muscle called intrafusal fibers.

83
Q

What are the Four structures most directly involved in the control of movement?

A

Cerebrum
Diencephalom
Cerebellum
Brainstem

84
Q

What is the sensory cortex?

A

Specific types of sensory information are transmitted via the sensory nerves to the area of the cortex that receives that type of information.

85
Q

What is the function of the primary motor cortex? 

A

Critical for movement initiation and the coordination of movements for fine motor skills.

86
Q

What is the function of the pre-motor area?

A

Controls the organization of movements before they are initiated and rhythmic coordination during movement.

87
Q

What is the function of the supplementary motor area?

A

Control of sequential movements.

Preparation and organization of movement.

88
Q

What is the function of the parietal lobe? 

A

Interacts with the premotor cortex, primary motor cortex, and SMA before and during movement.

89
Q

What does basal ganglia do?

A

Receives neural information from the cerebral cortex and brainstem.

90
Q

What does the diencephalon include? 

A

Thalamus
Hypothalamus

91
Q

What are the functions of the cerebellum? 

A

Involved in control of smooth and accurate movements.

Serves as a type of movement error detection and correction system.

92
Q

What are the functions of the pons?

A

Involved in the control of various body functions (example: chewing) and balance.

93
Q

What is the function of medulla?

A

Regulatory center for internal physiologic processes (example: breathing).

94
Q

What is the function of the reticular formation?

A

Integrator of sensory and motor neural impulses.

95
Q

What are pyramidal tracts?

A

Corticospinal tracts

96
Q

That are extrapyramidal tracts?

A

Brainstem pathways

97
Q

What do Motor learning and control theories focus on?

A

Explaining human behavior.

Providing explanations about why people perform skills as they do.

98
Q

What is motor control theory?

A

Describes and explains how the nervous system produces coordinated movement to successfully perform a variety of motor skills in a variety of environments.

99
Q

What is coordination?

A

Patterning of head, body, and limb movements relative to the patterning of environmental objects and events

100
Q

What is degrees of freedom?

A

Number of independent components in a control system and the number of ways each component can vary.

101
Q

What is degrees of freedom problems?

A

Control problem that occurs in the designing of a complex system that must produce a specific result.

102
Q

What are open loop systems?

A

Does not use feedback.

Instructions contain all the information necessary for the effectors to carry out the planned movement.

103
Q

What are close loop systems? 

A

Uses feedback.

Control center issues information to effectors sufficient only to initiate movement.

104
Q

What is motor program?

A

Memory-based construct that controls coordinated movement.

105
Q

What are dynamical systems theory?

A

Emphasizes the role of information in the environment and mechanical properties of the body and limbs.

106
Q

What are Generalized motor program (GMP) characteristics?

A

Proposed that each GMP controls a class of actions, which are identified by common invariant characteristics.

107
Q

What are invariant features?

A

Characteristics that do not vary across performances of a skill within class of actions.

108
Q

What are parameters?

A

Movement-related features of the performances of an action that can be varied from one performance to another.

109
Q

What is Dynamical Systems Theory?

A

Describes the control of coordinated movement by emphasizing the role of environmental information and dynamic properties of the body and limbs.

110
Q

What are attractors?

A

The stable behavioral steady states of systems.

111
Q

What are characteristics of an attractor?

A

Preferred behavioral states.

Represent stable regions of operation around which behavior typically occurs when a system is allowed to operate in its preferred manner.

Energy-efficient states.

112
Q

What are order parameters?

A

Functionally specific variables that define the overall behavior of the system.

113
Q

What are control parameters?

A

A variable, when increased or decreased, will influence the stability and character of the order parameter.

114
Q

What is Coordinative Structures (Muscle Synergies)?

A

Groups of muscles (and joints) constrained to act as functional units by the nervous system to act cooperatively to produce an action.

115
Q

What is Perception-Action Coupling ?

A

The inextricable linkage between information specifying the body and
environment and action control.

116
Q

What is the perception part of perception-action coupling?

A

The detection and utilization of critical information for the control of action.

117
Q

What is the action part of perception-action coupling?

A

Movement control features that are regulated and which enable the person to achieve the action goal.

118
Q

What are affordances?

A

The reciprocal fit between characteristics of the person and the environment that allow certain actions to happen.

119
Q

What are the three conditions of The OPTIMAL Theory of Motor Learning?

A
  1. Conditions that enhance expectancies for future performance.
  2. Variables that influence learners’ autonomy.
  3. External focus of attention on the intended movement effect.
120
Q

What are mechanoreceptors?

A

located just below the skin surface in the dermis portion of the skin that Provide the CNS with temperature, pain, and movement information.

121
Q

What is Meissner’s corpuscle?

A

rapidly adapting mechanoreceptor, touch and pressure.

122
Q

What is Merkel’s corpuscle?

A

slowly adapting mechanoreceptor, touch and pressure.

123
Q

What is a free neuron ending?

A

slowly adapting, including nociceptors, itch receptors, thermoreceptors, and mechanoreceptors.

124
Q

What is Pacinian corpuscles?

A

rapidly adapting mechanoreceptor, vibration and deep pressure.

125
Q

What is Ruffini corpuscle?

A

slowly adapting mechanoreceptor, skin stretch.

126
Q

What are Movement-related characteristics influenced by tactile sensory information the CNS receives from touch?

A

Accuracy.

Consistency.

Timing.

Force adjustments.

127
Q

What is proprioception?

A

The sensation and perception of limb, trunk, and head position and movement characteristics.

128
Q

What are the three main types of proprioreceptors?

A

Muscle spindles.
Golgi-tendon organs.
Joint receptors.

129
Q

What are intrafusal muscle fibers?

A

Specialized muscle fibers that contain a capsule with both sensory receptors and muscle fibers.

130
Q

What do type one A axons do?

A

wrap around the middle region of intrafusal muscle fibers
and detect changes in muscle length and velocity of length changes.

131
Q

What do GTOs do?

A

Type Ib sensory axons detect changes in muscle tension, or force.

132
Q

What do joint receptors do? 

A

Respond to changes in joint movement angle, especially at the extreme limits of angular movement or joint positions.

133
Q

What is Surgical deafferentation?

A

Afferent neutral pathways associated with movements of interest have been surgically removed or altered.

134
Q

What is sensory neuropathy?

A

Large myelinated fibers of the limb are lost, leading to a loss of all sensory information except pain and temperature.

135
Q

What are the 3 Role of Proprioception in Motor Control?

A
  1. Movement accuracy.
  2. Timing of onset of motor commands
  3. Coronation of body limbs segments
136
Q

What does eye movement recordings require?

A

use of specialized equipment that tracks the movement of the eyes and records where the eyes are “looking” at a particular time.

137
Q

What does binocular vision do?

A

Provides better information for movement control than monocular vision for motor skills such as locomotion in cluttered environments and reaching and grasping objects.

138
Q

What does central vision do?

A

Detects information only in the middle of 2 to 5 degrees of visual field.

139
Q

What is peripheral vision?

A

Detects information beyond the central vision limits.

140
Q

What is optical flow?

A

Moving pattern of light rays that strikes the retina from all parts of the environment when head moves through space.

141
Q

What is vision for perception?

A

Used for analysis of the visual scene into form, color, and features.

142
Q

What is speed-accuracy skills?

A

When both speed and accuracy are essential to perform the skill, there is a speed-accuracy trade-off.

143
Q

What is Fitts law in regards to speed accuracy skills?

A

Paul Fitts (1954) showed we could mathematically predict movement time (MT) for speed – accuracy skills. Using movement distance and target size

144
Q

What is open-loop control?

A

Initial movement’s speed, direction, and accuracy are under CNS control without feedback.

145
Q

What is closed-loop control?

A

Visual feedback about the limb’s relative position to that target is used to guide the “homing in” phase of the limb to ensure its accurate landing on the target.

146
Q

What are the 3 phases of speed-accuracy skills?

A

Preparation
Initiation flight
Termination

147
Q

What is preparation phase in speed-accuracy skills?

A

Person uses vision to determine the regulatory conditions that characterize the environmental context in which the action will occur.

148
Q

What is initiation flight phase in speed-accuracy skills?

A

Vision acquires limb displacement and velocity information and acquires time-to-contact information that will be used later as the movement nears the target to make movement modifications.

149
Q

What is termination phase in speed-accuracy skills?

A

Begins just before and ends when the target is hit, which is when the key is inserted into the keyhole.

150
Q

What are the 3 components of prehension?

A

Transport
Grasp
Object manipulation

151
Q

What is the relationship between the transport and grasp components?

A

Initial views proposed these components were relatively independent.

Regardless of object size and distance, maximum grip aperture and hand closure occurred at approximately two-thirds of the total movement time duration of the action.

152
Q

Why is the role of vision in prehension?

A

Assists the planning of prehension actions by providing information about the regulatory conditions of the environmental context.

Visual feedback related to movement characteristics will be used by the CNS to modify movements.

Supplements tactile and proprioceptive feedback to ensure the intended use is achieved.

153
Q

What are implications for practice?

A

Essential that prehension practice or therapy strategies involve functional activities.

Because of the cooperative relationship between the reach, grasp, and object manipulation components.

154
Q

What is motor equivalence?

A

Person can adapt to various demands of the writing context and adjust size, force, direction, and even muscle involvement to accommodate those demands (example: write on different surfaces, write large or small).

155
Q

What are bimanual coordination skills?

A

Motor skills that require simultaneous use of two arms.

Symmetric/Asymmetric

156
Q

What are the 3 phases of catching an object?

A

Initial positioning of arm and hand.

Shaping of hand to catch the object.

Grasping the object with your fingers.

157
Q

What factors influence catching that relate to the observation of the object?

A

Amount of visual contact time needed to catch a moving object.

Constant visual contact is needed during two critical time periods—initial flight portion and just prior to hand contact.

Brief, intermittent visual snapshots are sufficient between these two critical time periods.

158
Q

What do Central pattern generators (CPG) in the spinal cord do?

A

Control of locomotion (gait)

Provide basis for stereotypic rhythmicity of walking and running gait patterns.

Proprioceptive feedback from muscle spindles and Golgi-tendon organs can influence gait.

159
Q

What are the Practical benefit of analyzing rhythmic structure of gait patterns?

A

Allows for assessment of coordination problems of trunk and legs (Example: Parkinson’s disease).

160
Q

Why is vision important?

A

Enable us to avoid or contact objects

161
Q

How does locomotion and vision correlate to avoiding contact with objects?

A

Vision provides motor-system with advance information about the body to determine how to avoid contact.

162
Q

What is Hick’s law?

A

RT increases logarithmically as the number of stimulus-response choices increases

163
Q

What is cost-benefit trade-off?

A

Cost (slower RT), and benefit (faster RT) that occur as a result of biasing the preparation of an action in favour of one of several possible actions

164
Q

What does stimulus-response (S-R) compatibility include?

A

The spatial arrangement of stimuli and the limb movements required to respond to them, and the physical characteristics or meaning of a stimulus and the type of response required

165
Q

What is the strop effect?

A

Phenomenon that occurs when a person must verbally respond to the ink colour of a word that names a colour

166
Q

What is Foreperiod length regularity in regards to RT?

A

RT decreases when interval between warning and go signal is more regular

167
Q

What is movement complexity in regards to RT?

A

RT increases as complexity of the action influences the time a person requires to prepare the motor control system

168
Q

What is movement accuracy in regards to RT?

A

RT increases as movement accuracy demands increase

169
Q

What is repetition of a movement?

A

Repetition of the same response on the next attempt while performing a situation means that the person’s RT for the next trial will be faster than it was for the previous attempt

170
Q

What is the psychological refractory period?

A

Delay of response to the second stimulus (signal)

171
Q

What are the 2 performer characteristics influencing preparation?

A

Alertness of the performer

Attention focused on the signal versus the movement

172
Q

What are anticipatory postural adjustments?

A

Organization of movements needed for postural support

173
Q

What are limb performance characteristics?

A

Movement direction

Movement trajectory

Prepare in advance

174
Q

What is object control characteristics?

A

Force control

End-state comfort control

hand’s initial spatial position is based on what will be its final spatial position

Motor Learning (3 decks)

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