areas to improve cog Flashcards
aim of structuralism in psychology and who was involved
to investigate consciousness using response times and introspection
wundt - train participants and showed scientific investigation but was limited to conscious mind
miller’s contribution to psych
came up with idea that memory is 7+/-2
to further memory, must be recorded into larger/abstract units as memory is active
relation of artificial intelligence and the computer analogy
simon and newell’s logic theorist was first ai programme
computers modelled after logic processes thought to underlie condition
brains are more powerful
the forgetting curve- who, how it was created and formula
ebbinghaus
derived from time needed to remember nonsense syllables
“savings measure” → savings = (original time taken to learn) - (time to relearn)
structural vs process models vs resource
s- brain structures to simplify and representation
p- mental processes- boxes, not brain structures
r - focus on mental effort/resource needed - for capacity problems
example of resource model
wicken’s multitasking
is 3d
1st dimension - stages of processing (perception, processing and responding so resources for intake and action)
2nd - codes of processing (like spatial and linguistic)
3rd - modalities (audio visual)
structuralism vs functionalism
s - explains function by adding up hypothesised units
f - expands s. understand how mental operations work - how can can adapt to environment
william james and attention
created concept of input storage and retrieval
attention is taking possession of the mind. attention needs withdrawal from other things to deal effectively
explain selective attention
leads to perception and decision
why we miss details in environment
what is broadbent’s model process
and how it works
input - filter - detector - memory
sensory memory store
working memory system to identify material
what did chomsky say about language
cannot be behaviourism
uninforced bad grammar stage
construct new sentences
must be deeper level
significance of peterson’s PET study (semantic association)
applied donders subtraction
must name verb associated with object
left frontal side of brain associated with semantic association. rear central is selection of action
explain the concept of nerve nets
originally all neurons were interconnected for non-stop communication and physical connection
roman y cajal argued individual cells that transmit in the nervous system with small neurocircuits. used golgi stain technique to see connected units
what are feature detectors, where are they mostly located and how does it relate to processing
occipital lobe for more basic info, then temporal to categorise such as the fusiform gyrus and the FFA
experience plasticity
perception is determined by neurons that fire to specific qualities of stimulus
what is sparse coding
representation by firing a small gorup whilst most are silent, may be some overlap for those that rep different faces
uses fewer neurons
what is population coding
representing stimuli by pattern of many neurons
X for several faces that fire in different patterns
specificity coding
representation with specifically tuned neurons to respond only to specific stimulus
not practical - too many stimuli
broca’s area vs wernicke’s
b - frontal lobe, speech, has motor memories
w - temporal, language comprehension
Which imaging method shows brain activity by measuring blood flow changes during cognitive tasks
fMRI shows brain activity because the blood releases oxygen to working areas, therefore iron becomes more magnetic - more light. is indirect method
what is distributed representation
cog functions activate many areas of the brain - this idea can complement localisation
what is TMS
TMS (transcranial magnetic stimulation) - non invasive method that stimulates or inhibits brain regions. magnetic coil is near the head and induces electrical currents without discomfort and can map cognitive functions
describe husel and weisels experiment
- used cats visual cortex, electrical signals from visual system showing stimuli on screen
show how neurons specifically respond to environment - found feature detectors
explain double dissociations and their importance
damage to one brain area suggests absence of a and functional b. shows how brain functions are connected but operate independently
the cerebral cortex and processing
is higher order processing for more complex concepts
closer to skull so highly sensitive to damage
what is EEG and why is it helpful
electrical activity
non-invasive using cap
event related potentials
measures synchony and activity
what is a voxel
small cube shaped area in brain imaging studies like fmri
vental vs dorsal pathways
ventral - what, down - temporal for perception and categorisation
dorsal - where, up, parietal for perception and action
what are the gestalt principles
patterns based of intrinsic laws
figure ground - distinction between object and background
good continuation - assumption of lines and smoothest path
pragnanz - simplicity or good figure, patterns
similarity - similar = grouped together
what are bayesian inferences
ones estimation of a probability is influenced by prior probability and likelihood of given outcome
what is helmholtz’s unconscious inference
addressing visual ambiguity - perception as a result of unconscious assumptions about the environment - use knowledge
what are constructivist theories
top down
processing starts in the brain - actively make perceptions based on expectations
what are semantic regularities
characteristics associated with functions carried out in different types of scenes
why is it so hard for computers to copy human perception
inverse projection - objects far away or at diff angles can create similar images on the retina, we can differenciate
determining object responsible - start with retinal image then extend
computers see via edges and dont fill in missing gaps
photos within photos
viewpoint invarience - have multiple povs of objects
what is experience-dependent plasticity
mechanism through with the structure of the brain is changed by experience
difference between bayesian and gestalt
b - top down use of knowledge in perception
g - built in perceptual principles
pain perception - top down and bottom up
bottom up - stimulation of receptors
top down - management. pain influenced by expectations, attention and distraction
results of moray’s dichotic listening
couldnt report unattended message but were aware there was one - was still some processing of identity, change in voice or tone
anne treisman’s attenuation model
an attenuator gives more weight to attended message but does not complete discard unattended - not all or nothing
dictionary unit contains threshold for activation
how does broadbent’s bottleneck model work and its limitations
early selection
filters message before incoming info is analyses (not gradual decay)
filter only lets attended features pass
filter identifies message
detector - passes all info to determine higher characteristics
can’t explain cocktail party