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cognitive PSY1004 > areas to improve cog > Flashcards

areas to improve cog Flashcards

1
Q

aim of structuralism in psychology and who was involved

A

to investigate consciousness using response times and introspection
wundt - train participants and showed scientific investigation but was limited to conscious mind

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2
Q

miller’s contribution to psych

A

came up with idea that memory is 7+/-2
to further memory, must be recorded into larger/abstract units as memory is active

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3
Q

relation of artificial intelligence and the computer analogy

A

simon and newell’s logic theorist was first ai programme
computers modelled after logic processes thought to underlie condition
brains are more powerful

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4
Q

the forgetting curve- who, how it was created and formula

A

ebbinghaus
derived from time needed to remember nonsense syllables
“savings measure” → savings = (original time taken to learn) - (time to relearn)

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5
Q

structural vs process models vs resource

A

s- brain structures to simplify and representation
p- mental processes- boxes, not brain structures
r - focus on mental effort/resource needed - for capacity problems

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6
Q

example of resource model

A

wicken’s multitasking
is 3d
1st dimension - stages of processing (perception, processing and responding so resources for intake and action)
2nd - codes of processing (like spatial and linguistic)
3rd - modalities (audio visual)

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7
Q

structuralism vs functionalism

A

s - explains function by adding up hypothesised units
f - expands s. understand how mental operations work - how can can adapt to environment

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8
Q

william james and attention

A

created concept of input storage and retrieval
attention is taking possession of the mind. attention needs withdrawal from other things to deal effectively

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9
Q

explain selective attention

A

leads to perception and decision
why we miss details in environment

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10
Q

what is broadbent’s model process
and how it works

A

input - filter - detector - memory
sensory memory store
working memory system to identify material

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11
Q

what did chomsky say about language

A

cannot be behaviourism
uninforced bad grammar stage
construct new sentences
must be deeper level

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12
Q

significance of peterson’s PET study (semantic association)

A

applied donders subtraction
must name verb associated with object
left frontal side of brain associated with semantic association. rear central is selection of action

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13
Q

explain the concept of nerve nets

A

originally all neurons were interconnected for non-stop communication and physical connection
roman y cajal argued individual cells that transmit in the nervous system with small neurocircuits. used golgi stain technique to see connected units

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14
Q

what are feature detectors, where are they mostly located and how does it relate to processing

A

occipital lobe for more basic info, then temporal to categorise such as the fusiform gyrus and the FFA
experience plasticity
perception is determined by neurons that fire to specific qualities of stimulus

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15
Q

what is sparse coding

A

representation by firing a small gorup whilst most are silent, may be some overlap for those that rep different faces
uses fewer neurons

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16
Q

what is population coding

A

representing stimuli by pattern of many neurons
X for several faces that fire in different patterns

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17
Q

specificity coding

A

representation with specifically tuned neurons to respond only to specific stimulus
not practical - too many stimuli

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18
Q

broca’s area vs wernicke’s

A

b - frontal lobe, speech, has motor memories
w - temporal, language comprehension

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19
Q

Which imaging method shows brain activity by measuring blood flow changes during cognitive tasks

A

fMRI shows brain activity because the blood releases oxygen to working areas, therefore iron becomes more magnetic - more light. is indirect method

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20
Q

what is distributed representation

A

cog functions activate many areas of the brain - this idea can complement localisation

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21
Q

what is TMS

A

TMS (transcranial magnetic stimulation) - non invasive method that stimulates or inhibits brain regions. magnetic coil is near the head and induces electrical currents without discomfort and can map cognitive functions

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22
Q

describe husel and weisels experiment

A
  • used cats visual cortex, electrical signals from visual system showing stimuli on screen
    show how neurons specifically respond to environment
  • found feature detectors
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23
Q

explain double dissociations and their importance

A

damage to one brain area suggests absence of a and functional b. shows how brain functions are connected but operate independently

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24
Q

the cerebral cortex and processing

A

is higher order processing for more complex concepts
closer to skull so highly sensitive to damage

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25
Q

what is EEG and why is it helpful

A

electrical activity
non-invasive using cap
event related potentials
measures synchony and activity

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26
Q

what is a voxel

A

small cube shaped area in brain imaging studies like fmri

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27
Q

vental vs dorsal pathways

A

ventral - what, down - temporal for perception and categorisation
dorsal - where, up, parietal for perception and action

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28
Q

what are the gestalt principles

A

patterns based of intrinsic laws
figure ground - distinction between object and background
good continuation - assumption of lines and smoothest path
pragnanz - simplicity or good figure, patterns
similarity - similar = grouped together

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29
Q

what are bayesian inferences

A

ones estimation of a probability is influenced by prior probability and likelihood of given outcome

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30
Q

what is helmholtz’s unconscious inference

A

addressing visual ambiguity - perception as a result of unconscious assumptions about the environment - use knowledge

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31
Q

what are constructivist theories

A

top down
processing starts in the brain - actively make perceptions based on expectations

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32
Q

what are semantic regularities

A

characteristics associated with functions carried out in different types of scenes

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33
Q

why is it so hard for computers to copy human perception

A

inverse projection - objects far away or at diff angles can create similar images on the retina, we can differenciate
determining object responsible - start with retinal image then extend
computers see via edges and dont fill in missing gaps
photos within photos
viewpoint invarience - have multiple povs of objects

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34
Q

what is experience-dependent plasticity

A

mechanism through with the structure of the brain is changed by experience

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35
Q

difference between bayesian and gestalt

A

b - top down use of knowledge in perception
g - built in perceptual principles

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36
Q

pain perception - top down and bottom up

A

bottom up - stimulation of receptors
top down - management. pain influenced by expectations, attention and distraction

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37
Q

results of moray’s dichotic listening

A

couldnt report unattended message but were aware there was one - was still some processing of identity, change in voice or tone

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38
Q

anne treisman’s attenuation model

A

an attenuator gives more weight to attended message but does not complete discard unattended - not all or nothing
dictionary unit contains threshold for activation

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39
Q

how does broadbent’s bottleneck model work and its limitations

A

early selection
filters message before incoming info is analyses (not gradual decay)
filter only lets attended features pass
filter identifies message
detector - passes all info to determine higher characteristics
can’t explain cocktail party

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40
Q

what are flanker tasks

A

flanker - distraction
degree of distraction/selective attention is measured in reaction time
when flankers are similar/compatible reaction time is better

41
Q

overt vs covert spatial attention

A

overt - shifting attention by moving eyes (includes saccadic)and accounts for environment and top down goals
covert - shift without moving eyes

42
Q

load theory of attentionand distraction

A

level of distraction determined by perceptual load of task and power of distracting stimulus

43
Q

effect of cognitive load on selection

A

high cog load makes late selection less efficient and frontal lobe resources are taken up
frontal lobe needed for keeping things in mind and as a filter

44
Q

mcKays study on attention and findings

A

attended ear - ambiguous sentence
other - words that may contextualise
meaning of biasing word affect choice but were unaware or presentation (Unconscious bias)

45
Q

processing capacity vs perceptual load

A

capacity - how much info a person can handle at once
load - amount of cog resources used on a task

46
Q

schneider and shiffrin’s contribution to attention

A

used memory frames - improved with practice
automatic processing - occurs without intention and uses less resources

47
Q

what is treisman’s binding problem

A

features such as colour, form, motion and location combining to create perception of an object

48
Q

feature attention theory

A

every object has multiple features that need to be integrated
preattentive stage - automatic before perception, unconscious
focused attention stage - features combine into object

49
Q

executive control and location

A

coordinates processes
in prefrontal cortex and uses attention - in parietal

50
Q

hyperscanning

A

measuring brain signals of two+ people simultaneously to relate them to each other

51
Q

vocal learning

A

ability to imitate and learn vocalisations which don’t initially belong to us

52
Q

universality of language

A

is critical for quality of human live and the drive to communicate is innate in atypical and typically developing children
even in abuse and when deaf

53
Q

tip of the tongue phenomenon

A

when you know what you want to say but can’t recall the phonological structure automatically.

54
Q

syntactic processing

A

understanding the relations between words and how to order them

55
Q

parsing

A

grouping of words into phrases and is central to determining meaning in sentences

56
Q

what is psycholinguistics and what are they interested in

A

psych processes behind aquiring language
comprehension, production, representaion and aquistition

57
Q

what is a lexical decision task

A

more common words and words predicted by context have faster response time

58
Q

sapir-whorf hypothesis (culture)

A

depending on culture you may have different language and cognitive categories - the nature of a cultures language influence the way people think

59
Q

what is needed for conversations

A

TOM - making inferences
syntactic coordination - similar grammar
priming - hearing sentence with construction - likely to be repeated

60
Q

what is the primary loss of short term memory

A

decay

61
Q

types of interference memory

A

proactive - previous interferes with new - such as with languages
retroactive - new interferes with existing - disrupting recall of old

62
Q

baddeley’s working memory model

A

phonological loop - holds verbal and auditory infor for a few seconds, and has rehearsal process to prevent decay
visuospatial sketch pad - spatial and visual info in mind
central executive- attention controller and accesses LTM

63
Q

hippocampus location

A

temporal lobe

64
Q

what is the serial position curve

A

distinction between short and long term memory - is better for the beginning (primacy) and end of lists (recency)

65
Q

explain sensory memory

A

holds for seconds
retention of effect
iconic- visual
echoic - sound

66
Q

what does implicit and non-declaritive memory have in common

A

learning from experience not accompanied by conscious remembering of acquisition

67
Q

what is encoding specificity

A

info stored with context

68
Q

what is cryptomnesia

A

unconscious plagiarism of anothers work due to a lack of recognition of its original source

69
Q

how does sleep improve consolidation

A

prevents environmental stimuli contaminating
emotional memories benefit more - salience tags are attached in and after encoding

70
Q

fast and slow consolidation

A

fast - structural change at synapses
slow - systems and gradual reorganisation of neural circuits

71
Q

war of the ghosts

A

participants remember story from different culture and have to keep repeating - over time stories get shorter and more aligned with own culture

72
Q

memory vs knowledge

A

k - possession of knowledge - learning is acquiring knowledge
m - part of learning and ability to retain

73
Q

what does conceptual knowledge do

A

enables us to recognise objects and to make inferences using knowledge

74
Q

exemplar approach vs prototype approach

A

e - multiple examples of actual members not abstract
p - average representation of the typical member of a category

75
Q

cognitive economy in semantic networks

A

shared properties are only stored at higher level nodes and exceptions are at lower nodes

76
Q

collins and quillians hierarchical model (semantic networks)

A

concepts in networks to show how they are organised
concepts are links
uses spreading activation (arousal level of a node) which primes others
can’t explain typicality effects

77
Q

the connectionist model

A

uses parallel distributed processing
knowledge represented in activity of many units
synaptic weight determine nearby activation
concepts represented by patterns of activity

78
Q

embodied approach

A

learning and conceptualisation based on experiences
concepts - reactivation of sensory and motor processes
has mirror neurons and semantic somatotopy (correspondence between words related to body and that location activating)

79
Q

what is the hub and spoke model

A

hub - anterior temporal lobe
spoke - areas of the brain that are associated with specific functions and features like sound or image
agrees that conceptual knowledge depends on a distributed network

80
Q

parallel distributed processing

A

neurons acts in parallel and each individual network connection is spread out and has the storage of many different items of info

81
Q

limbic system’s role in the emotion network (and what happens when damaged)

A

hypothalamus - homeostasis
amygdala - emotion (damage = remember good or bas but cannot assign value and response)
hippocampus - memory conversion (damage = fear response but don’t know why)

82
Q

what structures recognise disgust

A

basal ganglia and insular cortex

83
Q

circumplex model and geneva emotion wheel - emotions

A

circumplex - defined on arousal and valence
may be represented in the brain
amygdala for intensity and orbital frontal cortex for good and bad
geneva - categorised by pleasantness and control

84
Q

goal of evaluative conditioning

A

ads
valance - degree is how good or bad

85
Q

what is the papez circuit (emotion)

A

begins with hippocampus, linked to mammilary bodies then thalamus - will return to hippocampus
for memory function and emotion processing

86
Q

what are cognitive appraisals (emotions)

A

thinking or reasoning about emotion

87
Q

guildfords creativity test

A

alternate use test

88
Q

savant syndrome

A

savant skills - extroadinary skills
in everyone but not acessible to conscious awareness
lack of inhibition
linked to damage in anterior temporal lobe - think outside the box

89
Q

analogical paradox

A

difficult to apply in the lab but often used in real life

90
Q

what is the problem solving process

A

problem genderation
problem formulation
problem solving
solution implementation

91
Q

what is most used to study the temporal aspects of human cognitive function

A

ERPs and reaction times

92
Q

display size effect

A

seen in conjunction searches
reaction times are longer the more elements that are displayed at once

93
Q

spotlight of attention

A

is analogous (comparable) to visual focus

94
Q

anterograde vs retrograde amnesia

A

anterograde - difficulty remembered events after trauma
retrograde - difficulty remembering events before trauma

95
Q

what is tdcs

A

positive and negative simulation
non-invasive and painless
more generalised
apply during tested
battery powered

96
Q

role of illegal and illegal intoxicants

A

painkillers -depress whole cns (nSAIDS block prostoglandin production, paracetemol block recepotrs)
caffeine mimics adeonsine
nicotine releases dopamine and adreneline
hallucinongins target serotonin receptors
cocaine - restricts blood vessels

97
Q

washoe vs nim chimpsky

A

was - 1st non human to use asl, 350 signs and new combos, showed empathy and understanding
nim - sterile lab, 125 signs, not creative

98
Q

what is the gene for language function

A

FOXP2
mutations correlate with brain abnormalities

99
Q
A

cognitive PSY1004 (3 decks)

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