1-metabolism

Question 1

what kind of disease is type 1 diabetes

Answer 1

autoimmune disease

Question 2

what 3 main things are linked to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease

Answer 2

hypercholesterolemia, obesity, type 2 diabetes

Question 3

what is dyslipidemia (2 definitions)

Answer 3

is elevation of plasma cholesterol, triglycerides (TGs), or both, or a low HDL cholesterol

also disorders of lipoprotein metabolism (genetic or acquired)

Question 4

what 2 conditions are associated with dyslipidemia

Answer 4

obesity and type 2 diabetes

Question 5

what is the major risk factor for atherosclerosis

Answer 5

dyslipidemia

Question 6

what is the most common cause of heart attacks and strokes

Answer 6

atherosclerosis

Question 7

how does atherosclerosis cause heart attacks and strokes

Answer 7

clot forms on atherosclerotic plaque

Question 8

what is plaque formation

Answer 8

focal accumulation of lipids in inner lining of large and medium sized arteries

Question 9

what happens to blood flow with more plaque

Answer 9

it can be partially or totally blocked

Question 10

what happens to vessels flexibility with plaque

Answer 10

ability to constrict or dilate is compromised

Question 11

what happens once there is a rupture of the plaque

Answer 11

a clot with form

Question 12

what happens once the endothelium gets damaged (5)

Answer 12

expression of adhesion molecules, recruitment of monocytes & macrophages, generations of free radicals, taking up oxidized LDL to form foam cells

Question 13

what 5 things accumulate with endothelial damage

Answer 13

accumulation of connective & elastic tissues, cell debris, cholesterol crystals, Ca++

Question 14

what are 3 main things that happen in the development of atherosclerosis

Answer 14

endothelial damage, migration of muscle cells, inflammatory fibro-proliferative response

Question 15

what is atheroma

Answer 15

formation of dense fibrous cap over lipid-rich core

Question 16

what is the inflammatory fibro-proliferative response

Answer 16

the formation of atheroma (formation of dense fibrous cap over lipid-rich core)

Question 17

why do you get a clot when the plaque tears

Answer 17

because RBC, WBC, macrophages clot together to try to repair the rupture (body sees it as injury, do immune response)

Question 18

what 3 things can happen after plaque formation

Answer 18

• bleeding into the plaque
• formation of blood clots
• rupture due to plaque instability

Question 19

what does myocardial ischemia lead to

Answer 19

infarction

Question 20

what does cerebral ischemia lead to

Answer 20

stroke

Question 21

what does peripheral arterial occlusion lead to

Answer 21

gangrene and amputation

Question 22

what does kidney damage lead to

Answer 22

renal failure

Question 23

what 4 behavioural factors cause atherosclerosis

Answer 23

high-fat diets. obesity, physical inactivity, diabetes

Question 24

what are 2 examples if dyslipidemia

Answer 24

genetic + acquired

Question 25

is dyslipidemia a modifiable risk factor for CV disease+ how

Answer 25

yes, diet exercise and drugs

Question 26

what does a sedentary lifestyle do to inflammation

Answer 26

systemic low grade inflammation

Question 27

what does systemic low grade inflammation cause

Answer 27

increased risk of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes

Question 28

what does exercise do to inflammation acutely

Answer 28

acute increase cause of IL-6

Question 29

what does exercise do to inflammation long term

Answer 29

reduces it because lots of anti-inflammatory mediators are released