infancy & childhood

Question 1

what is motor development of infants?

Answer 1

the progression of physical abilities and mats that infants acquire during the first few years of life

Question 2

what are examples of gross motor skills that babies acquire? note gross motor skills - the use of larger muscle for movements

Answer 2

-head control
-rolling over
-sitting
-crawling
-standing

Question 3

what are examples of fine motor skills that babies acquire?

Answer 3

-grasping an object
-transferring objects (passing objects from one hand to another)
-feeding skills etc

Question 4

what is the Erickson’s psychosocial stages of development?

Answer 4

-outlines eight stages that individuals go through across their lifespan.
-Each stage represents a specific psychosocial challenge or crisis that a person must navigate to achieve healthy development.
-These stages encompass the entire lifespan, from infancy to old age.

Question 5

describe the first stage of Erickson’s psychosocial stages of development

Answer 5

-trust vs mistrust
-0-1 year
-complete dependence on adults for basic needs
-if basic needs met - trusting and optimistic personality is achieved but if the needs are poorly met, there is a mistrusting and insecure personality
-the baby must build a sense of trust in others and the world

Question 6

describe stage 2 of Erikson’s psychosocial development

Answer 6

-age 2-3 years
-autonomy vs shame and doubt
-children begin to develop a sense of independence and develop a sense of autonomy (ability to make your own decisions)
-if parents are positive and encouraging - sense of autonomy and self sufficiency and if parents are dissatisfied there is a sense of personal shame and self doubt

Question 7

Describe stage 3 of Erickson theory

Answer 7

-age 3-6 years
-children engage in more purposeful activities and they develop a sense of initiative eg get on with siblings …
- if their efforts are encouraged, they will develop a sense of purpose, otherwise they may develop guilt and their self esteem will suffer

Question 8

Describe erikson theory stage 4

Answer 8

• 6-12 years
  -industry vs inferiority
• focus on developing mastery and competence in skills
  -success in this stage leads to a feeling of industry (confidence in problem solving etc) or competence
  -a sense of inferiority ( a feeling of not being good, or not as good as someone on something else)

Question 9

what is attachment in psychology?

Answer 9

• relationship between the infant and one or more caregivers

Question 10

descrive a secure attachment - what is it , as child, as adult

Answer 10

• the child is confident that their caregiver will be able to respond to their needs
• as a child they are able to separate from their parent, seek comfort when frightened, return of parents is met with positive emotions
• as adults- have trusting and lasting relationships, tend to have good self esteem, comfortable sharing feelings with friends and partners

Question 11

Describe an ambivalent attachment- characteristics, as a child, as an adult

Answer 11

• characterised by the Childs mixed and inconsistent reactions to the caregivers presence and absense
• as a child, they may be wary of strangers, become greatly distressed when the parent leaves, do not appear to be comforted by the return of the parent
• as adults- reluctant to become close to others, worry that their partner does not love them, become v distraught when a relationship ends

Question 12

describe the avoidant attachment type- as a child, as an adult

Answer 12

• as a child- may avoid parents, does not seek much comfort or contact from parents, shows little or no preference between parent and stranger
• as adults - may have problems with intimacy, invest little emotion in social and romantic relationships and unable and unwilling to share thoughts and feelings with others

Question 13

what is temperament?

Answer 13

• temperament refers to a person’s natural and consistent way of reacting to the world around them.
  -It involves inherent traits that influence how individuals approach situations, express emotions, and interact with others

Question 14

what are the 3 basic types of temperament?

Answer 14

• easy or flexible
• difficult, active , feisty
  slow to warm, cautious

Question 15

Describe the easy or flexible temperament

Answer 15

-calm, happy, adaptable, regular in sleeping and eating habits, positive in mood and interested in new experiences

Question 16

Describe the difficult, active or feisty temperament

Answer 16

• fussy
  -irregular in feeding and eating habits
  -fearful of new people or situations
  -easily upset
  -intense in their reactions

Question 17

Describe the slow to warm up pr cautious temperament

Answer 17

• relatively inactive
  -reflective
  -tend to withdraw or react more negatively to something new and unfamiliar
  -reactions become more positive with experience

Question 18

what is Piaget’s theory of cognitive development?

Answer 18

-comprehensive framework that describes how individuals, especially children, gradually acquire and construct knowledge about the world
- 4 stages

Question 19

Describe stage 1 - sensorimotor period of cognitive development

Answer 19

• birth to 2 years
• infants learn about their world through their senses and motor activities
  -Object permanence, the understanding that objects continue to exist even when not visible, develops during this stage.

Question 20

describe stage 2 - pre operational period of cognitive development

Answer 20

• 2-7 years
  -Children in this stage develop symbolic thinking, language, and the ability to use mental representations. However, they often exhibit egocentrism, struggling to understand others’ perspectives, and engage in magical thinking

Question 21

Describe stage 3 - concrete operational period of cognitive development

Answer 21

Cognitive abilities become more logical and organized. Children acquire the concept of conservation, understand reversibility, and start thinking operationally about concrete objects and events.

Question 22

Briefly describe children’s understanding of illness

Answer 22

children’s understanding of being sick evolves as they grow and develop cognitively
- the comprehension of illness depends on the age of the child, cognitive abilities and prior experiences

Question 23

describe phenomenism in children’s understanding of illness

Answer 23

-phenomenism - particular objects are believed to cause illness but there is no sense of the mechanisms involved

Question 24

what is contagion in relation to a Childs understanding of illness?

Answer 24

• contagion - illness caused by objects o people who are proximate to, but not touching the child

Question 25

what is internalisation in relation to a Childs understanding of illness?

Answer 25

-illness is problem inside the body but might be caused by external factors - usually through a process of internalisation swallowing or inhaling

Question 26

what are examples of symptoms of post natal depression (PPD)?

Answer 26

• appetite disturbance
  -sleep disturbance
  -fatigue or loss of energy
  -feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt
  -impaired concentration

Question 27

what are examples of predictors of PPD

Answer 27

-prenatal depression
-low self esteem
-childcare stress
-prenatal anxiety
-life stress
-poor martial relationship
-history of depression

Question 28

what are examples of the effects of PPD on infants and children?

Answer 28

• cognitive problems such as lower cognitive performance, less creative play etc
  -emotional and behavioural problems such as anger, withdrawal, less mature etc