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MOLGEN > Ch 1 Lecture (Genes/DNA/RNA/Polypeptides) > Flashcards

Ch 1 Lecture (Genes/DNA/RNA/Polypeptides) Flashcards

1
Q

genome

A

Long sequence of DNA that provides the complete set of hereditary information for an organism

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2
Q

chromosome

A

A discrete unit of the genome carrying many genes
Consists of a very long molecule of duplex DNA and an equal mass of proteins
Is technically only visible during cell division

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3
Q

genetic recombination

A

The generation of new combinations of alleles in each generation
Usually produced by separate DNA molecules being joined into a single molecule due to crossing over or transposition

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4
Q

three parts of a nucleotide

A
  1. Pentose sugar
  2. Nitrogenous base
  3. Phosphate group
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5
Q

pentose sugar in DNA

A

deoxyribose

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6
Q

pentose sugar in RNA

A

ribose

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7
Q

on what carbon can we differentiate between deoxyribose and ribose

A

2’

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8
Q

purines

A

adenine
guanine

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9
Q

pyrimidine

A

cytosine
thymine
uracil

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10
Q

nucleoside composition

A

base
sugar

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11
Q

what carbon does the phosphate group attatch to?

A

5’

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12
Q

why is the phosphate important

A

negative charge

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13
Q

how are nucleotides connected to each other in one strand of DNA

A

phosphodiester bonds

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14
Q

how are DNA strands oriented

A

antiparallel

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15
Q

how are two strands of DNA linked together

A

hydrogen bonds

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16
Q

hydrogen bonds between A and T or U

A

2

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17
Q

how many bonds between C and G

A

3

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18
Q

two strands of DNA are not identical, they are

A

complementary

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19
Q

B DNA is how many base pairs per turn

A

10.5

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20
Q

supercoiling

A

The coiling of a closed duplex DNA in space so that it crosses over its own axis
Creates tension in the DNA molecule

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21
Q

supercoiling only occurs in

A

DNA with no free ends

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22
Q

positive supercoiling

A

DNA is twisted in the same direction as the helix
overwound

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23
Q

negative supercoiling

A

DNA is twisted in the opposite direction as the helix

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24
Q

pros of negative supercoiling

A

Creates tension that can be relieved by denaturing the helix
Promotes denaturing of helix

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25
Q

DNA replication is

A

semiconservative

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26
Q

semiconservative

A

Parental duplex separates
Each parental strand acts as a template for synthesis of a complementary daughter strand

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27
Q

who proved DNA replication was semiconservative

A

Meselson and Stahl

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28
Q

what separates parental strains

A

helicase

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29
Q

what synthesizes daughter strands

A

DNA polymerases

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30
Q

what relieves tension of supercoiling

A

gyrase

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31
Q

what is the point at which the parental strands are separated and replication occurs

A

replication fork

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32
Q

mutation

A

changes in the sequence of DNA

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33
Q

4 forces that alter changes in allelic frequency

A

selection
mutation
migration
drift

34
Q

which of the 4 forces is the slowest

A

mutation

35
Q

mutations can be induced by

A

mutagens

36
Q

for a mutation to be passed down they must occur in,

A

gametes or germ cells

37
Q

rate of mutation is balanced by

A

positive and negative mutations

38
Q

a human infant has approximately how many new mutations

A

35

39
Q

point mutation

A

changes a single base pair

40
Q

point mutations can be caused by

A

chemical conversion or spontaneous errors

41
Q

example of chemical conversion of base pairs

A

cytosine to uracil with nitrous acid

42
Q

where is nitrous acid found

A

cured meats

43
Q

which is more common, transition or transversion

A

transition

44
Q

transition

A

replaces a purine with a purine or pyrimidine with a pyrimidine

45
Q

transversion

A

replaces a purine with a pyrimidine or vise versa

46
Q

indel stands for

A

insertion and deletion

47
Q

examples of indel mutations

A

huntingtons and fragile x syndrome

48
Q

forward mutations

A

alter the function of a gene

49
Q

back mutations are also known as

A

revertants

50
Q

back mutations

A

reverse the effect of forward mutations

51
Q

why can insertions be reversed but deletions cannot?

A

insertions can be removed, deletions are gone forever.

52
Q

mutation hotspot

A

a spot in the genome where mutation frequency is increased by at least an order of magnitude

53
Q

many mutational hotspots result from

A

the presence of modified bases

54
Q

a common modified base is

A

5-methylcytosine

55
Q

where is 5-methylcytosine found

A

compacted chromatin
example barr body

56
Q

5-methylcytosine can be deaminated into

A

thymine

57
Q

cytosine can be deaminated into

A

uracil

58
Q

silent mutation

A

a neutral substitution
causes change in sequence but does not affect activity

59
Q

null mutation

A

eliminates function of a gene

60
Q

dominant negative

A

does not have a function but suppresses functioning genes

61
Q

a locus with multiple functional alleles is considered

A

polymorphic

62
Q

codons

A

triplicate combinations of nucleotides

63
Q

genetic code

A

the relationship between a DNA sequence and the sequence of the polypeptide

64
Q

reading frame

A

ways a nucleotide sequence can be translated into a polypeptide

65
Q

in DNA, how many reading frames are possible

A

6

66
Q

in mRNA, how many reading frames are possible

A

3

67
Q

open reading frame

A

a sequence of DNA consisting of triplicates that can be translated into amino acids starting with an initiation codon and ending with a termination codon.

68
Q

gene expression

A

the process by which information contained within a sequence of DNA is used to produce an RNA or polypeptide

69
Q

basic gene expression

A

DNA to mRNA to polypeptide

70
Q

template strand

A

antisense strand
minus strand
3’-5’

71
Q

nontemplate strand

A

sense strand
coding strand
5’-3’

72
Q

mRNA structure

A

5’UTR
coding region
3’UTR

73
Q

a gene is usually … than the sequence encoding the polypeptide

A

longer

74
Q

how is mRNA processed in eukaryoyes

A

5’ cap
polyAtail
removal of introns

75
Q

exon

A

any segment of an interrupted gene that is represented in the mature RNA

76
Q

introns are removed from the pre-mRNA via

A

splicing

77
Q

translation is facilitated by the

A

ribosome

78
Q

ribosome

A

a large assembly of RNA and proteins that synthesizes polypeptides under direction of a mRNA template

79
Q

ribosomal RNA

A

major structural component of ribosomes

80
Q

transfer RNA

A

attaches amino acids in order of the mRNA

81
Q

regulatory genes are

A

trans acting

MOLGEN (28 decks)

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