Cell Structure and Functions 2024 Flashcards
What is the location and function of mitochondria?
Mitochondria is the central location for energy production in the cell. Consists of 2 membranes, mitochondrial matrix and intermembrane space. Can multiply up to 1000 per cell.
What is the location and function of ribosomes?
Ribosomes are made in the nucleolus. They synthesize polypeptide chains, proteins through translation. Some ribosomes are attached to rough ER, some in cytoplasm.
What is the location and function of the rough endoplastic reticulum?
The rough ER is an extension of the nuclear envelope, and is folded and covered in ribosomes. It aids the folding of polypeptide chains of proteins and sends them to the golgi body.
What is the location and function of the smooth endoplastic reticulum?
Extension of the nuclear envelope. Has no ribosomes, and is the site of phospholipid production and breaks down compounds through enzymes.
What is the location and function of the golgi body?
Located near ER, which receives proteins from the rough ER, then uses sugars and phosphates to modify them. Uses vesicles to transport these modified proteins to the cell membrane.
What is the function of the nucleus/nuclear envelope?
Contains most of the cell’s DNA. The nuclear envelope is a double membrane structure with nuclear pores that allow exchange. Also contains the nucleolus which is where ribosome assembly starts.
What are some differences between vesicles and vacuoles?
Vesicles are small membrane bound sacs that contain water/nutrients and are responsible for transport/metabolism. Vacuoles create a central vacuole in plant cells to increase turgidity, and are filled with water.
What are some differences between lysosomes and peroxisomes?
Lysosomes are small vesicles filled with enzymes and aid in the digestion of macromolecules. Removes waste. Peroxisomes are filled with oxidative enzymes that digest fats and hydrogen peroxide, more of them in the cell.
What is the function of chloroplast?
Organelle involved in photosynthesis containing small amounts of DNA. Large stacks of green membranes dyed by chlorophyll. ONLY in plant cells.
What is the cytoskeleton? Difference between microfilaments and microtubules?
Cytoskeleton is a supporting structure for the cell made of a network of proteins. Microfilaments are made of actin, and allow for cytoplasmic movement by amoebas. Microtubules are made of tubulin and important for cell division, structure of cilia/flagella.
What are some differences between cilia and flagella?
Cilia are short microtubules on the surface of the cell, which are found in lungs to keep debris out of airway. Flagella are longer filaments that allow for better transportation.
What does the cell membrane do? The cell wall?
The cell membrane is a bilayer of phospholipids which regulates transportation and protects the cell. Cell walls are ONLY found in plant cells and are primarily composed of cellulose - protects the cell and gives it structure.
What is the location and function of centrioles?
Found near nuclear envelope. Play a role in cytoskeleton and mitosis. Comprised of nine sets of microtubule triplets, arranged in a cylinder.
Explain the synonym MADDR, relating to endosymbiosis.
M = membranes, some organisms have double. A = antibiotics, susceptible to antibiotics. D = division, reproduction occurs through fission. D = DNA, some organelles has its own DNA. R = ribosomes, some organelles have their own ribosomes.
What is the theory of endosymbiosis?
That some organelles found in cells, such as mitochondria and chloroplast, were originally their own cells, but migrated for symbiotic purposes.
