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Biology 223 > Chapter 35 - 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 35 - 5 Flashcards

Growth, Morphogenesis, and Cell Differentiation

1
Q

What is the definition of development?

A

Changes in which cells form organs.

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2
Q

What is development controlled by? 2 things

A

Genetics
Environment

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3
Q

What is developmental plasticity?

A

The ability to form and create other cells, organs, and functions from another cell.

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4
Q

What does developmental plasticity depend on?

A

The environment.

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5
Q

What do aquatic fanworts have to do with developmental plasticity?

A

Leaf types, depending on water submersion or not, have the ability to develop differently, depending on environment.

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6
Q

How does the difference of leaf types occur in water aquatic fanworts/lily pads?

A

The cells of the apical meristem understanding if they are submerged or at the surface.

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7
Q

What is a model species?

A

A species that is easy to experiment with. A good baseline for other plant characteristics. (lab rat of plants)

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8
Q

What family does Arabidopsis thaliana belong to?

A

Mustard family

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9
Q

What is Arabidopsis thaliana widely acknowledged as?

A

A weed, no agricultural value

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10
Q

What is the generation time of Arabidopsis thaliana?

A

6 week

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11
Q

How many seed per Arabidopsis thaliana plant?

A

5,000 seeds

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12
Q

How does the genome of Arabidopsis thaliana compare to other plants?

A

One of the smallest genomes of all plants. 27,000 genes.

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13
Q

How many chromosomes does Arabidopsis thalian have?

A

5 chromosomes

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14
Q

What is significant about Arabidopsis thaliana genetics?

A

They are extremely easy to manipulate

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15
Q

What is the term for something being easy to manipulate?

A

Plasmid transformation

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16
Q

Most plant growth is through _________ and _________

A

Hypertrophy
Hyperplasia

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17
Q

What is hypertrophy?

A

Cells getting bigger (and therefore tissues)

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18
Q

What is hyperplasia?

A

Cells multiplying (and therefore tissues and organs)

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19
Q

Plant cells are very organized, however they often have what shape?

A

Rectangular

20
Q

Which direction do plant cells split.

A

Width wise, Hamburger, not Hotdog

21
Q

How are plant cells organized?

A

Microtubule arrangment of the preprophase band.

22
Q

What is the preprophase band?

A

A highly dense region of cytoskeleton that indicates the plane of division.

23
Q

What type of division do plant cells have?

A

Either assymentrical or symmetrical. Either way there is equal distribution of DNA.

24
Q

If the division is symmetrical the 2 daughter cells are going to be ________.

A

The same size

25
Q

If the division is asymmetrical the 2 daughter cells are going to be ________.

A

Different sizes

26
Q

Why is asymmetrical development important for guard cells?

A

It allows for the guard cells to change shape efficiently. This asymmetry allows them to swell or shrink unequally (the opening and closing of the stomata). This is essential to regulating gas exchange and water loss.

27
Q

Symmetrical and Asymmetrical division is important for what?

A

Polarity. Has different structures on opposite sides.

28
Q

What is morphogenesis or pattern generation?

A

The acquisition of different identities based on spatial arrangement or location.

29
Q

How is cell purpose of fate decided?

A

Lineage based mechanisms-determined by direction of meristematic division.
Position based mechanism-based on position of an undifferentiated cell in a future organ and neighboring cells.

30
Q

How does DNA in a dermal cell differ from a vascular/ground tissue cell of the same plant?

A

It isn’t different

31
Q

Differentiation is due to gene expression, what is that?

A

Which genes are being expressed. Or what regions of DNA -> RNA -> protein.

32
Q

How is gene expression determined?

A

Communication between neighboring cells

33
Q

What is an example of gene expression based off of neighboring cells?

A

When Arabidopsis, immature epidermal cells, come into contact with 2 cortex cells, they become root hair cells. On the other hand, when it comes into contact with only 1 cortex cell they become hairless dermal cells.

34
Q

What gene regulates the cell from becoming a hair cell?

A

GLABRA-2

35
Q

When is GLABRA-2 expressed.

A

When a cell is in contact with only 1 cortex cell.

36
Q

In animals, what are the developmental stages?

A

Infancy, childhood, adolescence, adulthood.

37
Q

What major developmental change seperates adolescence and adulthood?

A

Puberty

38
Q

How do plants go through developmental stages?

A

Different parts of the plant can be in different stages. Either juvenile, adult vegetative, adult reproductive.

39
Q

What are the 3 plant developmental phases?

A

Juvenile, adult vegetative, adult reproductive.

40
Q

What part of the plant changes for distinct developmental phases?

A

Only the apical meristem changes

41
Q

What is an example of various plant stages in a plant?

A

In Acacia plants it’s easy to see that the adult new leaves are on top, but the bottom has older yet juvenile leaves.

42
Q

What is the phase change from vegetative (indeterminate) to reproductive (determinate) growth?

A

Similar to puberty, however those organs are not there until this phase is reached?

43
Q

What environmental cues would spur plant reproduction?

A

Light, Temperature, Weather, Resources

44
Q

What are some internal cues for plant reproductive phases?

A

Hormones

45
Q

What do cues activate?

A

Genes and gene expression. This activates meristem identity genes. Initiates the process from vegetative to reproduction.

46
Q

What leads to abnormal flower development?

A

Mutations or abnormal gene expression

47
Q
A

Biology 223 (12 decks)

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