Ch. 4-9 Summary

Question 1

4. Class I भूवािद(-गण)

Answer 1

The vowel -a- is added into the root before the root vowel; then -a- is added after the root. Examples: √भृ bhṛ ‘to carry’, root vowel: -ṛ-; present stem भर- bhara-. √बुध् budh ‘to awake’, root vowel -u-; present stem बोध- bodha-.

Question 2

4. Class IV िदवािद(-गण)

Answer 2

The root itself remains as it is; -ya- is added to it.
Example: √हृष् hṛṣ ‘to be excited’; present stem hṛṣya-.

Question 3

4. Class VI: तुदािद(-गण)

Answer 3

Either: the root itself usually remains as it is; -a- is added to it. Example: √विश् viś ‘to enter’; present stem विश- viśa-. Or: a nasal is added before the final consonant of the root; -a- is added to it.

Question 4

5. Vocative: this case is used to address someone.

Answer 4

1) O king, the guests have arrived.
2) Old man, why do you sit beside the road?

Question 5

5. Accusative: usually expresses the direct object of a verb, i.e. that which is affected by the action
   of the verb (1, 2). It is also used to express the goal of a motion (3):

Answer 5

1) The cat scratches the thief.
2) The gods grant a favour.
3) The sage goes to the forest.

Question 6

5. Instrumental: as the name suggests, this case expresses the instrument with which something
   is done. This can be an instrument in the strict sense of the word

Answer 6

1) He cuts the cake with a knife.
2) We see with our eyes.
3) The cake was made by her.
4) He went into the forest with his friends.

Question 7

5. Dative: the dative basically has two uses. It denotes someone to whom the action of the verb is some how relevant, who is indirectly involved in this action

Answer 7

1) I bow to you.
2) They showed it to him.
3) She is striving for peace.
4) I give this to you for safe-keeping.

Question 8

5. Ablative: this case expresses the source of an action – whether the place from which (1) a movement originates, the time from which (2) something is done, a person from whom something proceeds (3), or any reason for/because of which (4) something takes place. In short, ablatives usually have to be translated into English using ‘from’ or ‘out from/out of ’.

Answer 8

1) We came from/out of the city.
2) They had been walking from/since dawn.
3) We heard this from him.
4) He acted out of/from anger.

Question 9

5. Genitive: the basic function of the genitive is to give more information about another noun. It
   then usually has to be translated as ‘of’.

Answer 9

the house of the king the children of my friend a part of the sacrifice the strength of the enemy

Question 10

5. Locative: as indicated by the name, this is the case used to express a location – or, more generally put, any place in space or time in, on, at or near which something takes place

Answer 10

(1) The man is sitting in the forest.
(2) We sacrifice to the gods in the morning/at sunrise.
(3) This happened at the beginning of the story.
(4) He is the greatest among the gods.
(5) She went into the forest.

Question 11

7. Class X रुधािद(-गण)

Answer 11

The root stands in zero grade, guṇa or vṛddhi; -aya- is added after it. Examples: √चिन्त् cint ‘to worry’ –› चिन्तय- cintaya- –› चिन्तयति cintayati ‘he worries’ √कथ् kath ‘to tell’ –› कथय- kathaya- –› कथयति kathayati ‘he tells’ √चुर् cur ‘to steal’ –› चोरय- coraya- –› चोरयति corayati ‘he steals’ √क्षल् kṣal ‘to wash’ –› क्षालय- kṣālaya- –› क्षालयति kṣālayati ‘he washes’

Question 12

7. Causatives denote not just ‘doing x’ but ‘causing (someone) to do x’, ‘making/having (someone) do x’.

Answer 12

The two steps to create a Class X present stem (strengthening the verbal root to contain a heavy
syllable and adding -aya-) can also be applied to verbs from other classes.
√विश् viś ‘to enter’ –› वेशयति veśayati ‘he causes (someone) to enter’
√दृश् dṛś ‘to see’ –› दर्शयति darśayati ‘he makes (someone) see’, thus ‘he shows’
√भृ bhṛ ‘to carry’ –› भारयति bhārayati ‘he makes (someone) carry’

Question 13

8. Buddha Sandhi

Answer 13

When a root ends in a stop that is both voiced and aspirated, it does not lose these qualities in front of a following t; instead, this voiced aspirate passes them on to the t and thus turns the t into a dh
dh + t results in ddh
bh + t results in bdh
h + t results in gdh

Question 14

8. ta-Participle
   zero-grade root + -ta- + ending

Answer 14

‘having been x-ed’ or ‘having x-ed’
भृत- ‘having been carried’
गत- ‘having gone’

Question 15

8. Absolutive
   zero-grade root + -tvā

Answer 15

‘having x-ed’
पतित्वा ‘having fallen’

Question 16

8. Infinitive
   guṇa root + -tum

Answer 16

‘to x’
भवितुम् ‘to be’

Question 17

9. Comparative

Answer 17

उग्रतर- ‘more terrible’
प्रेयस्- ‘dearer’

Question 18

9. Superlative

Answer 18

उग्रतम- ‘most terrible’
प्रेष्ठ- ‘dearest’