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AP Psych > Mods 31-36 > Flashcards

Mods 31-36 Flashcards

1
Q

memory

A

the persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage and retrieval of information

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2
Q

recall

A

a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test

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3
Q

recognition

A

a measure of memore in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as a multiple-choice test

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4
Q

Hermann Ebbinghaus

A

the first person to study memory scientifically and systematically; used nonsense syllables and recorded how many times he had to study a list to remember it well

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5
Q

frontal lobe

A

houses short term memories: semantic and episodic

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6
Q

hippocampus

A

a neural center located in the limbic system that helps process explicit memories for storage

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7
Q

cerebellum (memory)

A

forms and stores implicit memories (classical conditioning)

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8
Q

basal ganglia and memory

A

procedural memory

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9
Q

amygdala (memory)

A

boosts activity in memory-forming areas to fight/flight

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10
Q

long-term potentiation (LTP)

A

an increase in a synapse’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation; believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory

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11
Q

flashbulb memory

A

a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

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12
Q

semantic memory

A

a network of associated facts and concepts that make up our general knowledge of the world

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13
Q

episodic memory

A

the collection of past personal experiences that occured at a particular time and place

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14
Q

priming

A

the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory

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15
Q

echoic memory

A

a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds

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16
Q

iconic memory

A

a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second

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17
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

an inability to form new memories

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18
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

the inability to retrieve information from one’s past

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19
Q

Elizabeth Loftus

A

her research on memory construction and the misinformation effect created doubts about the accuracy of eyewitness testimony

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20
Q

concepts

A

a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people

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21
Q

creativity

A

the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas

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22
Q

grammar

A

in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others

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23
Q

language

A

our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning

24
Q

receptive language

A

ability to understand what is being said

25
Q

aphasia

A

impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage whether to broca’s area (impairing speaking) or to wernicke’s area (impairing understanding)

26
Q

critical period

A

a specific time in development when certain skills or abilities are most easily learned

27
Q

Noam Chomsky

A

theorist who believed that humans have an inborn or “native” propensity to develop language

28
Q

sensory memory

A

the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system

29
Q

short term memory (working memory)

A

the memory system in which information is held for a brief periods of time while being used

30
Q

long-term momory

A

the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system; includes knowledge, skills, and experiences

31
Q

relearning

A

a measure a memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time

32
Q

explicit memory

A

memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and “declare”

33
Q

automatic memory

A

unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings

34
Q

effortful momory

A

encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

35
Q

parallel processing

A

the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain’s natural mode of information processing for many functions, including vision; contrasts with the step-by-step (serial) processing of most computers and of conscious problem solving

36
Q

encoding, storage, and retrieval

A

a memory model which suggests that memory is formed through three processes: encoding, storage, and retrieval

37
Q

context dependent memory

A

the theory that information learned in a particular situation or place is better remembered when in that same situation or place

38
Q

state-dependent memory

A

the theory that information learned in a particular state of mind (e.g., depressed, happy, somber) is more easily recalled when in that same state of mind

39
Q

mood congruence

A

the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current good or bad mood

40
Q

serial position effect

A

our tendency to recall best the last and first item in a list

41
Q

reconsolidation

A

neural processes involved when memories are recalled and then stored again for later retrieval

42
Q

misinformation effect

A

incorporating misleading information into one’s memory of an event

43
Q

source amnesia

A

attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined

44
Q

components of creativity

A
  1. expertise
  2. imaginative thinking skills
  3. a venturesome personality
  4. intrinsic motivation
  5. a creative environment
45
Q

divergent thinking

A

expands the number of possible problem solutions (creative thinking that diverges in different directions)

46
Q

convergent thinking

A

narrows the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution

47
Q

algorithmic thinking

A

the process of solving problems using a series of steps

48
Q

heuristics

A

mental rules of thumb that subjects develop to help make sense of the world around them

49
Q

mental set

A

a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past

50
Q

confirmation bias

A

a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence

51
Q

fixation

A

the inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set

52
Q

representative heuristic

A

occurs when we estimate the probability of an even based on how similar it is to a known situation

53
Q

availability heuristic

A

estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common

54
Q

framing

A

the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgements

55
Q

belief perseverance

A

clinging to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited

AP Psych (6 decks)

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