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Physiotherapy > Electrotherapy > Flashcards

Electrotherapy Flashcards

1
Q

What is the DEFINITION of Electrotherapy?

A
  • Use of Electrical Current for Therapy
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2
Q

What is the CLASSIFICATION of Electrotherapy?

A

1) According to DIRECTION
- AC / Biphasic Current
- DC / Monophasic Current

2) According to FREQUENCY
- LOW Frequency = Up to 1,000Hz
- MEDIUM Frequency = 1,000- 100,000Hz
- HIGH Frequency = OVER 100,000Hz

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3
Q

WHAT EFFECT does LOW / MEDIUM Frequency pose?

A
  • Pain-Relieving Effect
  • Trophic Effect
  • Electrostimulation of Muscles
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4
Q

WHAT EFFECT does HIGH Frequency pose?

A
  • Anti-Inflammatory Effect
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5
Q

What is GALVANIC CURRENT, and it’s PROPERTIES?

A
  • CONSTANT Current, meaning it DOES NTO change it’s Intensity / Direction

PROPERTIES of GC
- Direct Current
- Unidirectional
- Same Therapeutic Effects as LOW-Frequency Current, EXCEPT has NO Frequency

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6
Q

What are the Components of GALVANIC CURRENT Electrodes?

A
  • GENERATOR of Electricity
  • Control Panel
  • Cables LINKING Generator w/ Electricity
  • Electrodes
  • Hydrophilic Pads = TO PREVENT Chemical Burns
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7
Q

What happens when GALVANIC CURRENT Electrodes are placed into the body?

A

There’s 3 ZONES:

1) POLAR Zone
- BELOW the electrodes aka IN THE SKIN
- Where ions REACH the electrodes / gives away charge
- CONVERT from ELECTRICALLY active to CHEMICALLY active = causing CHEMICAL BURNS
- Hence HYDROPHILIC PADS are placed to PREVENT THIS!

2) PERI-POLAR Zone
- SPECIFIC Rxn takes place
- Change in EXCITABILITY of Tissues
- Hence ANODE is placed = TO INDUCE INHIBITORY Effects
- **CATHODE = For STIMULATORY Effects

3) NON-SPECIFIC Reactions = Such as Hyperaemia

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8
Q

What’s the DOSAGE for Electrotherapy?

A
  • DEPENDS on the Patient’s SUBJECTIVE Feeling
  • IF they feel tickling, but NO burning / pain
  • FIRST APPLY on a HEALTHY Area, THEN onto the TARGET
  • Units = mA/cm’2
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9
Q

What are the METHODS of APPLICATION for GALVANIC CURRENT?

A

1) LOCAL Method = On SPECIFIC Target

2) REFLEX Method
- SCHTERBACH’S COLLAR = 2 HUGE Electrodes for Migraines / Insomnia

- SCHTERBACH’S BELT = Placed on waist, for Infertility / Pelvic Pain

3) HYDROGALVANIC Band
- Mix of Hydrotherapy + Electrotherapy
- FOR = Degenerative Bone Diseases

4) 4-CHAMBER BED
- For Hands / Feet = In RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS

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10
Q

What are the EFFECTS of GC / LOW-Frequency Current?

A
  • Muscle Membrane Contraction
  • Different Sensations on Skin = Tickling / Burning / Pain
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11
Q

What are the INDICATIONS / CONTRAINDICATIONS of GC / LOW-Frequency Current?

A

INDICATIONS
- Pain Relief
- Electrostimulation of MM

CONTRAINDICATIONS
- Malignancy
- Pacemaker
- Metal Implants
- Purulent Inflammation / Fever
- Pregnancy

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12
Q

What is Iontophoresis?

Give examples of Drugs Used

A
  • Delivery of drugs with the help of GC / Other form of DC
  • Lidocaine = Local Anaesthetic
  • Nivalin = Improves Neuroconductivity / Peripheral Nerve Damage
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13
Q

What are the Advantages & Disadvantages of Iontophoresis?

A

ADVANTAGES
- Local Effects
- Simultaneously treat w/ GC
- Has PROLONGED Effect
- NO Risk of Infections / Side Effects

CONTRAINDICATIONS
- Same as for GC
- Drug Allergies

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14
Q

What is the Frequency Used for Low-Frequency Pulsed Current?

A
  • Frequency Upto 8,000Hz
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15
Q

What are the 2 Types Of Low-Frequency Pulsed Currents?

A

1) Electrostimulation of Muscles

2) Pain Relief = aka TENS (Transcutaneous Electro Nerve Stimulation) Therapy

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16
Q

What are the INDICATIONS for Electrostimulation of Muscles using LPF?

A
  • Hypotrophic MM = AFTER Periods of Immobility
  • Osteoarthritis
  • Scoliosis
  • Post-Stroke Px = STIMULATE the Wrist + Finger Extensors
  • Hemiplegia - Paralysis
  • Accidents
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17
Q

IN Electrical Stimulation, what are the CORRESPONDING PARAMETERS?

A
  • 1) PHYSICAL Parameter = Muscle Properties
  • 2) CURRENT INTENSITY = Rheobase
  • 3) Duration of PULSE = Chronaxie
  • 4) Duration of PAUSE = Refractory Period
  • 5) WAVEFORM = ACCOMODATION Properties of the MM
  • 6) FREQUENCY = Functional Mobility
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18
Q

What are the PARAMETERS of Current for Muscles with PRESERVED Innervation?

A
  • Duration of Phase = *1ms**
  • Shape of Pulse = Rectangular / Triangular
  • Frequency = Relatively HIGH; 30-150Hz
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19
Q

What are the PARAMETERS of Current for Muscles with PERIPHERAL Nerve Damage?

A
  • Duration of Phase = 100-200-300ms
  • Shape of Pulse = Slowly Rising
  • Frequency = Very LOW ; 0.25-0.5Hz
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20
Q

What are the INDICATIONS & CONTRAINDICATIONS for TEN Therapy with LPF?

A

INDICATIONS
- Pain Syndromes
- Osteoarthritis
- Trauma

CONTRAINDICATIONS = SAME as GALVANIC CURRENT

  • Malignancy
  • Pacemaker
  • Metal Implants
  • Purulent Inflammation / Fever
  • Pregnancy
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21
Q

What is an example of LOW-Frequency Currents?

A
  • DIADYNAMIC Currents = A Rectified alternating current
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22
Q

What are the Types of DIADYNAMIC Currents?

A

1) DEPHASE Fixed (DF) = 100Hz

2) MONOPHASE Fixed (MF) = 50Hz

3) COURTE PERIOD = SHORT Period w/ RAPID alternation BTW 50 - 100Hz

4) LONG PERIOD=LONG Period w/ SLOW alternation BTW 6 sec of MF and 10 sec of DF

5) RS = SYNCOPAL Rhythm ; 1 sec MF - followed by a pause of 50Hz

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23
Q

WHICH Diadynamic Currents have ANALGESIC and TROPHIC Effects?

A
  • Dephase Fixed (DF)
  • Monophase Fixed (MF)
  • Courte Period (CP)
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24
Q

WHICH Diadynamic Current has a SYMPATHETIC Effect?

A

DEPHASE Fixed

  • Treatment for Raynauds of the Sympathetic Ganglion
25
Q

WHICH Diadynamic Current gives ELECTROSTIMULATION of MM w/ PRESERVED Innervation?

A

RS

26
Q

What are the CONTRAINDICATIONS of DIADYNAMIC Currents?

A

CONTRAINDICATIONS = SAME as GALVANIC CURRENT

  • Malignancy
  • Pacemaker
  • Metal Implants
  • Purulent Inflammation / Fever
  • Pregnancy
27
Q

What are the 3 METHODS of APPLICIATION for DIADYNAMIC Currents?

A
  • LOCAL Application
  • SEGMENTAL
  • Used for DIADYNAMOPHORESIS
28
Q

What are the ADVANTAGES of MEDIUM-Frequency Currents, in comparison TO LFC?

A
  • They’re LESS IRRITATING to Skin Receptors
  • They have INCREASED Penetration
29
Q

What is an example of MEDIUM-Frequency Currents?

A

INTEREFERENTIAL Currents

30
Q

What are INTERFERENTIAL Currents?

A
  • A form of MFC
  • Has 2 INDEPENDENT Pairs of Electrodes
  • Has 2 SEPARATE Electrical Circuits = 4000Hz & 3900 - 3999Hz
31
Q

What are the THERAPEUTIC Effects of the DIFFERENT Frequencies of MFC?

A
  • 90 -100Hz = Analgesic for Pain Syndromes
  • 50 -100Hz = TROPHIC for Bone Healing, POST-Fracture
  • 30 - 50Hz = TETANIC Contraction for ES of MM w/ PRESERVED Innervation
  • 90 -100Hz = Analgesic for Urinary Incontinence
32
Q

What are the CONTRAINDICATIONS of Interferential Currents (MFC)?

A
  • Everything EXCEPT for METAL IMPLANTS
  • Phlebothrombosis
33
Q

What is ULTRASOUND?

A
  • Form of HIGH-Frequency Current
  • An INAUDIBLE MECHANICAL Wave that’s MORE than&raquo_space; 20, 000Hz
  • Physiotherapy = 1MHz - 3MHz
34
Q

What are the THERAPEUTIC EFFECTS of ULTRASOUND**?

A
  • Trophic Effect
  • Analgesics
  • Softens CT = Joint Stiffness / MM Spasm / Improves extensibility of collagen fibres
  • THIXOTROPIC Effect = For Disc Herniation
35
Q

What are the COMPONENTS of US?

A
  • Generator of HIGH-Frequency Current, giving a PIEZOELECTRIC EFFECT (transforms Electrical E TO Mechanical E)
  • Coupling Medium = Form of a GEL
36
Q

What are the INDICATIONS for US?

A
  • Vertebrogenic Disorders = Disc Herniation / Ankylosing Spondylitis
  • Musculoskeletal Disorders / MM Spasm
  • Degenerative Joint Disease / Joint Stiffness
  • Skin Diseases
  • Neurological Disorders
37
Q

What are the CONTRAINDICATIONS for US?

A

CONTRAINDICATIONS = Same as LFC

  • Malignancy
  • Pacemaker
  • Metal Implants
  • Purulent Inflammation / Fever
  • Pregnancy
  • Epiphysis of Growing Bones
38
Q

What is PHONOPHORESIS& what drugs are used?

A

Drug Delivery in the form of gel done trans-dermally using ULTRASOUND

  • NSAIDs
  • Corticosteroids
  • Fibrinolytics
  • Local Anaesthetics
39
Q

What are the CONTRAINDICATIONS of PHONOPHORESIS

A

CONTRAINDICATIONS = Same as US / LFC

  • Malignancy
  • Pacemaker
  • Metal Implants
  • Purulent Inflammation / Fever
  • Pregnancy
  • Drug Allergy
40
Q

What are examples of HIGH-Frequency Currents?

A
  • D’Arsonval
  • UHFC = Ultra-High Frequency Current
  • Microwaves
41
Q

What are the PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS of D’ARSONVAL?

A
  • HIGH Frequency = 200 - 300KHz
  • LONG Wavelength = 1000 - 2000m
  • Has fading oscillations = hence has WEAKER anti-inflammatory effect / produces LESS endogenous heat
42
Q

What are the METHODS of APPLICATION for D’ARSONVAL?

A
  • WHOLE Body = For Hypertension / Insomnia
  • LOCALLY = Either with contact / slight distance
43
Q

What are the THERAPEUTIC EFFECTS of D’ARSONVAL?

A
  • MILD Inflammatory effect
  • Pain relief
  • Bactericidal
  • Anti-itching effect
  • Improves tone of BV wall
  • Trophic effect
44
Q

What are the CLINICAL APPLICATIONS of D’ARSONVAL?

A
  • Wounds
  • Puritis
  • Varicose Veins
  • Haemorrhoids
  • Neuralgia
  • Reticulitis
45
Q

What are the CONTRAINDICATIONS of D’ARSONVAL?

A

CONTRAINDICATIONS = Same as LFC

  • Malignancy
  • Pacemaker
  • Metal Implants
  • Purulent Inflammation / Fever
  • Pregnancy
46
Q

What are the PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS of ULTRA-HIGH Frequency Current?

A
  • MORE THAN&raquo_space; 27 MHz
  • SHORT Wavelength = 11m
47
Q

What are the METHODS Of APPLICATION for UHFC?

A

1) CAPACITATIVE = Treating w/ electrical field

  • APPLICATORS = Pad Electrodes (Rubber) + Air-Space Plates
  • Heat up tissues with HIGH Resistance + LOW Blood Supply (Skin, Bones + Fat)

2) INDUCTIVE = Treating w/ magnetic field

  • APPLICATORS = Drum Electrodes + Cables (Monophasic)
  • Heat up tissues with LOW Resistance, reaching blood (MM + Internal Organs)
48
Q

What are the CLINICAL APPLICATIONS of UHFC?

A
  • ENT Inflammatory Disorders
  • Surgical Inflammatory Disorders = Carbuncle / Furuncle
  • Skeletal Disorders = Osteoarthritis / RA
  • Synovitis of Joints
49
Q

What are the CONTRAINDICATIONS of UHFC?

A

CONTRAINDICATIONS = Same as LFC

  • Malignancy
  • Pacemaker
  • Metal Implants
  • Purulent Inflammation / Fever
  • Pregnancy
50
Q

What are the 2 TYPES of MICROWAVES?

A

1) DECIMETER WAVES

  • Frequency = 433 MHz
  • Wavelength= 69cm

2) CENTIMETER WAVES = For more localised diseases

  • Frequency = 24 - 50 MHz
  • Wavelength= 12.2cm
51
Q

What are the CONTRAINDICATIONS of Microwaves?

A

CONTRAINDICATIONS = Same as LFC

  • Malignancy
  • Pacemaker
  • Metal Implants
  • Purulent Inflammation / Fever
  • Pregnancy
  • Ovaries / Testes
  • Epiphysis of Growing Children
52
Q

What are the Types of THERMAL SENSATION when applying HFC?

A
  • 1) ATHERMAL = NO Sensation
  • 2) OLIGOTHERAML = MILD Sensation
  • 3) THERMAL = MODERATE Sensation
  • 4) HYPERTHERMAL = Unpleasant Vigorous Heating of Tissues
53
Q

What are the ADVANTAGES of EXOGENOUS Heat OVER&raquo_space; Endogenous?

A
  • Has DEPTH effect
  • Has LONGER-LASTING effect, since it DOES NOT stop, after the procedure has ended
  • DOES NOT OVERLOAD the Thermoregulatory Mechanisms of the body
54
Q

HOW does ENDOGENOUS Heat create an ANTI-INFLAMMATORY Effect?

A
  • DIRECT BACTERICIDAL Effect
  • ACTIVATION of the *RETICULOENDOTHELIAL** System
  • SPEEDS UP RESORPTION of Oedema
55
Q

What are the TYPES of MAGNETIC FIELD?

A
  • Constant
  • Alternating = Sinusoidal / Pulsed
56
Q

What are the THERAPEUTIC EFFECTS of Magnetic Field

A
  • Analgesic
  • Anti-inflammatory
  • Trophic Effect
  • Good for BVs / Improves blood rheology
57
Q

What are the CLINICAL APPLICATIONS of Magnetic Field?

A
  • ENT Disorders = Tonsillitis / Otitis
  • Neurological Disorders
  • Gynaecological Diseases
  • Respiratory Diseases = Asthma / Pneumonia
  • Musculoskeletal Disorders
  • Inflammatory Disorders
58
Q

What are the CONTRAINDICATIONS of Magnetic Field?

A
  • Same as INTEFERENTIAL = Everything EXCEPT for METAL IMPLANTS
  • Phlebothrombosis

Physiotherapy (23 decks)

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