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Year 2: Neurobiology II > Lecture 1: Spinal Cord > Flashcards

Lecture 1: Spinal Cord Flashcards

1
Q

describe the path of the spinal cord (where it starts, ends, and where there are enlargements)

A

starts at foramen magnum

cervical enlargement for cervical and brachial plexuses

lumbosacral enlargement for lumbar and sacral plexuses

ends at T12~L2 vertebral level

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2
Q

what spinal nerves are considered part of the lumbar section of the spinal cord

A

T11-L5

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3
Q

what spinal nerve exits from below C7 vertebrae

A

C8 nerve

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4
Q

vertebral foramen houses

A

spinal cord

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5
Q

where do spinal nerves exit

A

intervertebral foramen

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6
Q

what makes up the spinal canal

A

vertebral foramen and sacral canal

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7
Q

what layer of the meninges is filum terminale externum derived from

A

dura mater

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8
Q

what ligaments are derived from a condensing of the pia mater

A

denticulate ligament (teeth like)
filum terminale internum

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9
Q

blood supply to the spinal cord

A

anterior spinal artery supplies most of the spinal cord and anterior medulla

posterior spinal arteries (x2) supplies most of the posterior spinal cord and medulla

both receive segmental support as well

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10
Q

where does the anterior spinal artery stem from

A

both vertebral arteries give a branch to form

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11
Q

where do the posterior spinal arteries derive from

A

each of the PICA gives off one posterior spinal artery

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12
Q

white matter is made up of

A

myelinated axons

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13
Q

gray matter is made up of

A

unmyelinated axons

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14
Q

ventral vs dorsal horn functions

A

ventral = motor

dorsal = sensory

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15
Q

compare the proximal vs distal spinal cord in terms of gray matter and white matter as well as the corresponding function

A

proximal = more ascending/descending tracts so more white matter than gray matter

distal = less descending and ascending tracts and more gray matter than white matter

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16
Q

where in a cross section of the SC can you see faciculus cuneatus

A

above T6

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17
Q

where in a cross section of the SC can you see fasciculus gracilis

A

below T6

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18
Q

describe gray matter

A

nuclei inside SC

10 laminae from dorsal to ventral with different functions

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19
Q

where is lamina IX

A

in both lamina VII and VIII

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20
Q

substantia gelatinosa: levels of SC, lamina, and function

A

all levels

lamina II

function = modulate pain and temp info transmission

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21
Q

Clarke’s nucleus: levels of SC, lamina, and function

A

levels: T1-L2

lamina VII

function: posterior spinocerebellar tract cells

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22
Q

intermediolateral column: levels of SC, lamina, and function

A

levels: T1-L2

lamina: VII

function: preganglionic sympathetic neirons

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23
Q

sacral parasympathetic nucleus: levels of SC, lamina, and function

A

levels: S2-S4

lamina: VII

function = preganglionic sympathetic neurons; pelvic floor function

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24
Q

accessory nucleus: levels of SC, lamina, and function

A

levels: C1-C5

lamina: IX

function: motor neurons to SCM/trapezius

25
Q

phrenic nucleus: levels of SC, lamina, and function

A

levels = C3-C5

lamina: IX

function: motor neurons for diaphragm

26
Q

what is the corresponding lamina for the somatic motor efferent portion of the spinal cord

A

lamina IX in lamina VIII

27
Q

what are the corresponding lamina for the somatic sensory afferent portion of the spinal cord (except for C1)

A

Lamina I-V

28
Q

what are the specific spinal levels for visceral motor/efferent signals and what lamina is related

A

sympathetic = T1-L2

parasympathetic = S2-S4

lamina IX in lamina VII for both

29
Q

what are the specific spinal levels for visceral sensory/afferent and the corresponding lamina

A

follows same path as visceral motor

sympathetic = T1-L2

parasympathetic = S2-S4

Lamina I-V

most spinal levels involved in the sympathetic trunk

30
Q

what is contained in the ventral horn of the spinal cord

A

LMNs that directly innervate muscles

31
Q

what is the distribution of the LMNs in the ventral horn from medial to lateral and anterior to posterior

A

medial to lateral = axial to distal extremity

anterior to posterior = extensors to flexors

correlates to the 3 functional lobes of the cerebellum

32
Q

describe a lower motor neuron

A

executors of movements

multipolar neurons with dendritic trees (highly regulated function)

somata are clustered in a column to regulate one muscle (called a motor neuron pool/nuclei)

cranial to caudal vs proximal to distal

33
Q

describe the dorsal column medial lemniscus system

A

axons of 1st order neurons in dorsal root ganglion

axons are large and myelinated

no decussation in SC

maintains somatotopy of sacral to cervical from medial to lateral respectively (fasciculus gracilis to fasciculus cuneatus)

function: conscious proprioception/vibration/fine touch

34
Q

describe the pathway of the anterolateral system (aka the spinothalamic pathway)

A

non-myelinated axons from 1st order neurons in dorsal root ganglion

axons synapse with 2nd order neurons in dorsal laminae

decussate at the anterior white commissure to the contralateral anterolateral funiculus

35
Q

describe the function of the anterolateral system

A

anterior spinothalamic pathway: diffuse pain, no somatotopy maintained, bilateral projection

lateral spinothalamic pathway: sharp pain, temp, crude touch, itch (if somatotopy is maintained, it is for conscious proprioception)

36
Q

what ascending pathways are a part of the lateral funiculus

A

From the anterolateral system:
-lateral spinothalamic tract for crude touch, pain, temp, itch, and sharp pain

from the spinocerebellar tracts:
- posterior spinocerebellar tract for unconscious proprioception
-anterior spinocerebellar tract for motor information

37
Q

where does the posterior spinocerebellar tract travel

A

to clarkes nucleus and then ipsilateral ascending to cerebellum

38
Q

where does the anterior spinocerebellar tract decussate

A

decussates after clarkes nucleus at anterior white commissure

39
Q

describe the somatotopy of the DCML

A

from medial to lateral = lower to upper limb/back

posterior to anterior: different sensory modalities, proprioception to fine touch

40
Q

describe the somatotopy of the lateral spinothalamic tract

A

superficial to deep: lower to upper limb/back

anterior to posterior: different sensory modalities

41
Q

what ascending tracts do not cross in the spinal cord

A

fasciculus gracilis

fasciculus cuneatus

lissauer’s tract

posterior spinocerebellar tract

42
Q

what ascending tracts cross in the spinal cord

A

anterior/lateral spinothalamic tract

anterior spinocerebellar tract

spinoreticular tract

43
Q

what does the lateral funiculus control

A

flexor muslces

innervates posterior ventral horn

fine motor control

44
Q

where is the decussations of the corticospinal tract

A

70-90% of fibers decussate at the pyramid (part of the lateral corticospinal tract)

10-30% of fibers descend ipsilaterally (part of ipsilateral lateral and medial corticospinal tract)

no somatotopy below the pons

45
Q

what is the rubrospinal tract responsible for

A

not very prominent in human beings

role in fine motor control

46
Q

path of rubrospinal tract

A

synapses at red nucleus

decussates in midbrain

47
Q

what does the anterior funiculus control

A

mainly extensors

innervates medial and anterior ventral horn

48
Q

what pathways are a part of the anterior funiculus and their subgroups

A

medial corticospinal tract

vestibulospinal tract - medial and lateral portions

reticulospinal tract - pontine and medullary portions

49
Q

what descending tracts are already crossed when in the spinal cord

A

lateral corticospinal tract (at medullary pyramid)

rubrospinal tract (at midbrain)

50
Q

what descending tracts of the spinal cord are uncrossed

A

vetibulospinal tract

reticulospinal tract

anterior/medial corticospinal tract

most project bilaterally

51
Q

what information can be learned from knowing which descending tracts of the spinal cord are crossed or uncrossed

A

the trunk and even proximal extremities always remain functional immediately after brain injuries

fine motor control patterns are difficult to recover

52
Q

what are propriospinal neurons

A

somata and axons only in spinal cord (>90% of spinal neurons)

somata surrounding or in different rexed laminae (mainly III) of spinal cord

fasciculus proprius: interconnects different spinal cord levels (like association fibers of cerebrum)

53
Q

what are central pattern generators

A

like apps of smartphone

automatic prewritten motor programs

54
Q

what are interneuron coordinate reflexes

A

like different types of apps

automatic prewritten motor programs

55
Q

what are the functional components of the propriospinal neurons and tracts

A

central pattern generators

interneurons coordinate reflexes

interneurons for visceral pain sensory ascending tracts (archispinothalamic tract)

interneurons for higher level descending tracts

56
Q

what is brown sequard syndrome

A

R or L hemi spinal injury

ipsilateral deficits due to tracts w/o decussation:
- motor functional loss
- proprioception/vibration/fine touch loss
-unconsious proprioception

contralateral deficits due to decussations that occur at anterior white commisure
- pain/temp/crude touch
-motor info

57
Q

what is a syrinx

A

cyst in syringomyelia (spinal cord) or syringobulbia (brainstem)

compression of anterior white commissure = bilateral anterolateral system impaired resulting in pain/paraesthesia in same dermatome bilaterally

above C2 level results in head and scalp symptoms due to the spinal trigeminal nucleus descending to c2 level as well

58
Q
A

Year 2: Neurobiology II (10 decks)

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