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[MT 6315] Cytogenetics > QUIZLET Unit 1.0: Introduction to Cytogenetics > Flashcards

QUIZLET Unit 1.0: Introduction to Cytogenetics Flashcards

1
Q

Cytogenetic studies the number and morphology of chromosomes using what techniques?

A

Classical Cytogenetics (Chromosome Banding Techniques)

Molecular Cytogenetics (Hybridization Fluorescent Labeled Probes)

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1
Q

A circular group of proteins that always accompanies the DNA

A

Histones

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1
Q

This is a double helical structure that must be stored properly so that the genes may be used to translate the proteins appropriately

A

DNA

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1
Q

How is the DNA Organized? (6)

A

DNA –> Nucleosomes –> Solenoids –> Chromatin Loop –> Chromosome Territory –> Metaphase Chromosome

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1
Q

What are the three main stages in the Cytogenetics Development?

A

A. Cell Discovery
B. Chromosome Structure and Components Discovery
C. Human Cytogenetics Emergence

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1
Q

He first discovered chromosomes in pollen (premature form of pollens)

A

Karl Nageli

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1
Q

Chromosomes were initially known as…

A

Transitory Cytoblasts

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1
Q

When did Karl Nageli discover chromosomes in pollen?

A

1842

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1
Q

He introduced aniline staining to observe chromosomes during cell division.

A

Walther Flemming

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1
Q

This is a dye derived from coal tar and is a poisonous/toxic substance. Now mostly used as a precursor for the synthesis of other organic compounds.

A

Aniline

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2
Q

When did Walther Flemming discover more about the chromosomes in the cell division?

A

1870

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3
Q

Who coined the term chromosome after staining techniques had been developed?

A

Heinrich Wilhelm Gottfried von Waldeyer

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4
Q

Chroma means….

A

Color

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5
Q

When did Waldeyer coin the term chromosome?

A

1888

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6
Q

He derived an estimate of 48 chromosome using images of nuclei reconstructed from thin sections of unit human testicular tissue embedded in paraffin and stained with iodine (and) hematoxylin.

A

Theophilus Painter

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7
Q

When did painter derive the number of chromosomes?

A

1923

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8
Q

What is the normal number of chromosome?

A

46 chromosomes

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9
Q

What substance was used to arrest cells in the metaphase stage of mitosis?

A

Colchines (used for gout)

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10
Q

When did Cytogenetic Technique Improvements occur?

A

1950

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11
Q

Who showed that the human cells have 23 pairs of chromosomes (which is the actual and normal amount)?

A

Tijo and Levan

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12
Q

When did Tijo and Levan discover that there are 23 pairs of chromosomes?

A

1956

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13
Q

Devised the peripheral leukocytes culture method

A

Moorehead et al.

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14
Q

When was the peripheral leukocytes culture method discovered?

A

1960

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14
Q

What are the two discovered “paired factors” and chromosome theory of heredity?

A

Mendel’s Laws
Chromosomal Theory of Inheritory

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15
Q

The chromosomal theory that states that “paired factors” are inherited, segregated during gamete formation, and independently sorted.

A

Mendel’s Law

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16
Q

The chromosomal theory that states that chromosomes occur in pairs and are inherited from parents (maternal & parental chromosome), segregated in gamete formation (haploid), and are segregated independently.

A

Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance

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17
Q

Who and when was the Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance discovered?

A

Sutton & Boveri, 1902

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18
Q

Where were polytene chromosomes first discovered?

A

Insects

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18
Q

What chromosomal inheritance law describes the presence of red and white flowers?

A

Mendel’s Law

18
Q

Who and when was the Mendel’s Law discovered?

A

Mendel, 1865

18
Q

Who and when were polytene chromosomes discovered?

A

Balbiani, 1881

18
Q

What chromosomal inheritance law describes the presence of pink flowers?

A

Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance

18
Q

Who made the 1st genetic linkage maps from fruit fly?

A

Morgan
Sturtevant
Bridges
Muller

18
Q

Unique compared to humans because supposedly, it should be bind, instead they are stacking on top of one another. It occurs in insects.

A

Polytene Chromosomes

18
Q

This is a transduction (type of gene transfer) experiment

A

Blender Experiment

18
Q

Who pioneered plant cytogenetics in 1920?

A

Cyril Darlington

18
Q

When was it ascertained that the genetic material is a DNA and not a protein?

A

1944

18
Q

Who came up with the blender experiment?

A

Hershey-Chase

18
Q

This utilized two microorganisms (bacteriophage as the predator and bacterium as the prey) to prove that DNA is the genetic material

A

Blender Experiment

18
Q

This is the life cycle done by the predator in attacking its prey. Specifically, this is achieved by injecting genetic material into the host to create new viruses inside, thereby destroying the bacterium.

A

Lytic Cycle

19
Q

What are the two life cycles of a bacteriophage when infecting its prey?

A

Lytic
Lysogenic

19
Q

In Hershey and Chase’s experiment, in which part of the test tube was the DNA seen?

A

Sediment

19
Q

The process wherein the bacteriophage injects its genetic material and stores it there for a period of time-synthesizing viral proteins (bacterium gets to live for another day).

A

Lysogenic Cycle

19
Q

Who conducted the Transformation Experiment?

A

Frederick Griffith

19
Q

In the Hersey and Chase experiment, where was the bacteriophage supposed to be found?

A

Supernatant

19
Q

Who tried to prove that the genetic material is DNA first?

A

Frederick Griffith

20
Q

Who was successful in proving that the genetic material is DNA?

A

Hershey and Chase

21
Q

What was the organism used in Frederick Griffith’s transformation experiment?

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

21
Q

This is the strain that does not contain any capsule and can easily be destroyed by macrophages. Thus, no disease will be caused.

A

R Strain

22
Q

The strain that contains capsule. Macrophages will not be able to detect, thereby causing a disease.

A

S Strain

22
Q

Who discovered the amount of nitrogen base in chromosomes?

A

Chargaff

22
Q

Who discovered the double-helical structure of DNA?

A

Watson and Crick

22
Q

The rule that states that if a eukaryote has an abstract of DNA, there is an equal ratio of adenine and thymine, guanine and cytosine.

A

Chargaff’s Rule

23
Q

He proved the presence of mRNA or messenger RNA.

A

Crick

23
Q

What disease is characterized by Trisomy 21?

A

Down Syndrome

24
Q

What disease is characterized by Trisomy 47 XXY?

A

Klinefelter’s Syndrome

24
Q

What disease is characterized by Trisomy 45X?

A

Turner’s Syndrome

24
Q

Klinefelter’s Syndrome

A

Patau Syndrome

24
Q

What disease is characterized by Trisomy 18?

A

Edward Sydrome

24
Q

Philadelphia chromosome is found in who?

A

Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Patients

25
Q

True or False: The cells cultured in the amniotic fluid could be used to determine the chromosome content of the fetus.

A

True

26
Q

True or False: By default, everyone is male.

A

False

27
Q

What is the gender and condition of the karyotype?

A

Female, Normal

28
Q

What is the gender and condition of the karyotype?

A

Male, Down Syndrome (Trisonomy 21

28
Q

What is the gender and condition of the karyotype?

A

Female, Turner Syndrome (45X0)

29
Q

What is the gender and condition of the karyotype?

A

Male, Klinefelter Syndrome (47XXY)

30
Q

What is the gender and condition of the karyotype?

A

Female, Patau Syndrome (Trisomy 13)

31
Q

What is the gender and condition of the karyotype?

A

Male, Edward Syndrome (Trisomy 18)

32
Q

What life cycle did Hershey and Chase use in their experiment?

A

Lysogenic

32
Q

What is the gender and condition of the karyotype?

A

Philadelphia Chromosome

33
Q

Used as a drug, but in cytogenetics to arrest development

A

Colchines

[MT 6315] Cytogenetics (16 decks)

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