Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

virology > Lecture 1&2: Intro, History, Classification/Replication > Flashcards

Lecture 1&2: Intro, History, Classification/Replication Flashcards

1
Q

American biotechnologist and businessman know for leading one of the first draft sequences of the human genome and assembled the first team to transfect a cell with a synthetic chromosome

A

John Craig Venter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

human genome project start and end date

A

started 1990
ended 2003

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

significance of Gregor Mendel

A

father of genetics
studied peas to understand genetic crossing/combination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

discovered swine influenza in 1931

A

Shope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

developed polio vaccine in 1950s

A

salk and sabin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

in 1965 discovered that parvovirus of cats

A

Johnson

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

when was smallpox globally eradicated

A

1980

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

who discovered HIV

A

Montagnier and colleges in 1984

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

who discovered FIV

A

Pederson with colleges in 1987

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

when was RIderpest declared globally eradicated

A

2011

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

significance of Watson and Crick (and Rosalind Franklin)

A

discovered the structure of DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

significance of Enders, Weller, and Robbins

A

discovered cell culture for viruses
1949

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Robert Koch and Louis Pasteur jointly proposed _____________ in 1880s

A

germ theory of disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

purpose of Koch’s Postulates

A

framework for investigating disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

koch’s postulates

A
  1. agent must be present in every case of the disease
  2. agent must be isolated from host and grown in vitro
  3. disease must be reproduced when the pure cultivated agent is introduced into a healthy susceptible host
  4. the same agent must once again be recoverable from the newly infected host
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

significance of F.A.J Loeffler and P. Frosch working in 1898 with Robert Koch

A

discovery of first virus of vertebrates

Foot-and -mouth disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

significance of Louis Pasteur

A

french
father of science of microbiology, virology, and infection disease

started his career by studying wine, beer, and cheese

BEST KNOWN FOR: work developing a vaccine for rabies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

process of developing rabies vaccine

A

dried nervous tissue from rabid animal could provided prophylaxis against rabies

artificially weakened immune agent

referred to such protective inoculations as vaccine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Edward Jenner and Smallpx eradication

A

Smallpox killed 400,000 people annually

  1. Sarah Nelmes, milkmaid infected with cowpox
  2. James Phipps is inoculated with cowpox pus from Nelmes
    3.Phipps is ill with mild case of cowpox
  3. scabs collected from smallpox patient
  4. Phipps inoculated with scabs of smallpox
  5. Phipps is UNAFFECTED; protection is complete
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

significance of Lady Mary Montagu

A

first to introduce smallpox inoculation in England

convinced public it was safe and effective protection against smallpox

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

significant diseases caused by viruses over the years on different animal species

A

rabies strain never west of Appalachian; until stray kitten appeared in Nebraska

Canine respiratory mystery

polar bear with avian flu

avian and swine influenza

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

small collection of genetic code (DNA or RNA) surrounded by protein coat

A

virus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

can viruses replicate alone

A

NO

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

viruses must infect cells and use components of the _________ to make _________ of themselves

A

host
copies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

do viruses often kill their host

A

YES

26
Q

significant diseases cause by viruses in humans

A

COVID 19
SARS
ebola
west nile
monkey pox

27
Q

potential disease threats emerging

A

African Swine Fever from China

African Horse Sickness from Malaysia

highly pathogenic Eurasian H5 avian influenza (HPAI) in south carolina

highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) in commercial turkey flock in Indiana

HPAI in non-commercial backyard flocks in alabama

bird flu outbreak in Sonoma County and Mississippi/central flyways

SARS-CoV-2 in free ranging white tailed deer

28
Q

Virology is ________ medicine (vaccines)

A

preventative

29
Q

quantitative assay of viruses:

area where cells are blue (due to staining) and are with white is where virus grew and killed cells

A

plaque assay

30
Q

in 1930s embryonated egg was used to titrate ____________, since the 1950s _________have been used

A

influenza viruses
cell cultures

31
Q

T/F viruses MUST replicate in living cells

A

true

32
Q

T/F both viruses and cells have receptors and affinity (complementary) between them that results in attachment

A

true

33
Q

viral taxonomy is based on
list 4

A

morphology of virion, capsid, envelope
genome (RNA,DNA, SS, DS)
serological relationships
replication strategy

34
Q

groupings of viruses on the basis of Epidemiologic criteria:

enteric viruses

A

usually acquired by ingestion (fecal-oral) and replicate primarily in the intestinal tract

term restricted to viruses that remain localized in the intestinal tract, rather than causing generalized infections

35
Q

groupings of viruses on the basis of Epidemiologic criteria:

respiratory viruses

A

usually acquired by inhalation or fomites and replicate primarily in respiratory tract

35
Q

groupings of viruses on the basis of Epidemiologic criteria:

arboviruses

A

replicate in their hematophagous (blood feeding) arthropod hosts and are then transmitted by bite to vertebrate hosts

35
Q

groupings of viruses on the basis of Epidemiologic criteria:

oncogenic viruses

A

usually acquired by close contact (including sexual contact), injection, fomites, and unknown means

35
Q

why is taxonomy/relationships of viruses important

A

allows prediction of viral characteristics, similarity of disease, transmission and diagnosis

35
Q

a well characterized virus

A

strain

35
Q

refers to the virus recovered from a specific host or location

A

isolate

35
Q

generally means that immunity is not conferred by previous exposure to a different type (ex: foot-and0mouth)

A

serotype

35
Q

define promiscuous in virology

A

capable of infecting several species

35
Q

define plastic in virology

A

exhibiting adaptability to change or variety in the environment

35
Q

viral family: herpes

A

creeping

36
Q

viral family: corona

A

crown

37
Q

viral family: picorna

A

small rna

38
Q

viral family: retro

A

backwards

39
Q

the capsid and envelope of virus is responsible for

A

recognition of the host cell (receptor molecule)

40
Q

structural vs functional

A

structural:
- important for viral stability and attachment
- antibodies are generally formed against the structural proteins

functional:
- enzymes involved in viral replication

-antibodies found against the functional proteins this may help in differentiating animals vaccinated with inactivated recombinant vaccines from those naturally infected

41
Q

T/F capsi proteins are specific to host cell receptors that fit like a lock and key

A

true

42
Q

genera taxonomy rule

A

-virus

43
Q

family taxonomy rule

A

-viridae

44
Q

viral structures

A

isometric
helical
complex
filamentous

45
Q

6 properties of viruses:
important relative to disinfection/transmission

A

heat sensitivity
pH sensitivity
lipid solvents
chemicals
radiation/UV
humidity

46
Q

viruses consist of

A

nucleic acid core
capsid (outer glycoprotein coating)
sometimes outer envelope

47
Q

function of capsid

A

protect fragile nucleic acid genome from
-physical damage
-chemical damage
-enzymatic damage

also initiating infection by delivering the genome from its protective shell in the form in which it can interact with the host cell

48
Q

both capsid and envelope are _______

A

antigenic

49
Q

what is the capsid made of

A

capsomeres (glycoproteins)

50
Q

what is a prion

A

misfolded protein

51
Q

all known prion diseases in mammals effect:

A

-structure of the brain and other -neural tissue
-all are progressive
-no known efficient treatment
-ALWAYS FATAL

52
Q
A

virology (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions