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CACP > limbiks_CACP Revision Notes.docx > Flashcards

limbiks_CACP Revision Notes.docx Flashcards

1
Q

What did Kessler et al. find about anxiety disorders?

A

Anxiety disorders are the most commonly experienced mental health disorder across the lifespan.

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2
Q

What percentage of people experience a level of anxiety that could be considered an anxiety disorder at some point in their lifetime?

A

28.80%

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3
Q

At what age does the median onset of anxiety occur?

A

11 years old

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4
Q

What did Solmi et al. (2021) find about the median age of onset for anxiety disorders?

A

The median age of onset for anxiety disorders was around 17 years old.

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5
Q

Which specific anxiety disorders typically onset in childhood?

A

Separation anxiety and paranoias typically onset in childhood.

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6
Q

Which anxiety disorders typically onset in adulthood?

A

Panic disorder and GAD typically onset in adulthood.

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7
Q

What is the median age of onset for panic disorder?

A

26 years old.

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8
Q

What is the median age of onset for GAD?

A

33 years old.

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9
Q

What were the peaks in the age of onset of AD?

A

5.5yo and mid-teen years

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10
Q

What did Copeland et al. study?

A

Impacts of anxiety disorders at 16yo

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11
Q

What were the outcomes for individuals with AD compared to controls?

A

Worse outcomes in at least one domain

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12
Q

Which AD was associated with poor functioning in all domains?

A

GAD

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13
Q

What did Sandler et al. (2011) find about parenting?

A

family-based interventions that target specific parenting behaviours can successful improve some parts of parenting, and also improve a range of long-term child otucomes, including internalising symptoms

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14
Q

What did Hudson et al. (2009) study?

A

Causal relationships between parental behaviors and child anxiety

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15
Q

What did Hudson et al. (2009) find about mother’s behaviors?

A

Mothers were more involved when interacting with an anxious child& mothers of children with anxiety showed a smaller decrease in involvement behaviours when interacting with non-anxious children compared to anxious children.

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16
Q

What interactions were observed between mothers and children with anxiety?

A

Mothers showed a smaller decrease in involvement behaviors when interacting with non-anxious children compared to anxious children.

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17
Q

How did mothers of anxious children behave when interacting with non-clinical children?

A

They were less negative compared to non-clinical mothers interacting with both anxious and non-anxious children.

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18
Q

What was the effect of child anxious behaviors on mother over-involvement?

A

Child anxious behaviors influenced mother over-involvement.

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19
Q

Was there a significant direct effect of maternal factors on over-involvement?

A

No, there was no significant direct maternal effect, but over-involvement was influenced by child behaviors.

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20
Q

What is the limitation of using AI to study parental response to anxious behavior?

A

Lack of ecological validity

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21
Q

What aspect of parental response was not tested with the researchers’ own children?

A

Negativity in response to anxiety

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22
Q

What might explain why mothers may be more critical of their own anxious child?

A

Feel responsibility for their child’s development and growth

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23
Q

What bias could potentially affect the results of the study?

A

Social desirability bias

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24
Q

What were the scores on the negativity scale generally like?

A

Very low

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25
Q

What were the recovery rates for the full-guided CBT and brief CBT groups?

A

34% for full-guided CBT, 39% for brief CBT

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26
Q

What were the recovery rates for the waitlist condition?

A

11%

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27
Q

What percentage of participants in the full-guided and brief CBT groups no longer met diagnostic criteria for primary anxiety disorder at the 6-month follow-up?

A

76% for full-guided CBT, 71% for brief CBT

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28
Q

Did therapist experience significantly impact outcomes?

A

No

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29
Q

What did Platt et al. (2016) examine?

A

Relationship between stressful life events and anxiety symptoms in children

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30
Q

What were the mediators studied by Platt et al.?

A

Parenting stress, parental anxious rearing, dysfunctional parent-child interactions

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31
Q

Were children with parents who had an AD included in the study?

A

No, they were excluded

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32
Q

Is the level of parent anxiety symptoms a significant mediator of the relationship between stressful life events and child anxiety?

A

No

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33
Q

What is the significant mediator of the relationship between stressful life events and child anxiety?

A

Parenting stress

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34
Q

What is suggested by the occurrence of stressful life events increasing a parent’s sense of incompetence and conflict?

A

It influences how they behave towards children

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35
Q

What can be transmitted from parent to child independent of parent psychopathology?

A

Stress responses

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36
Q

What is an example of mediation in the relationship between child anxiety and stressful life events?

A

Child-reported anxious rearing style and parent-reported dysfunctional interactions

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37
Q

How do stressful life events contribute to a parent’s dissatisfaction with the relationship?

A

Increases parent’s dissatisfaction

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38
Q

Was child’s perceived control found to mediate the relationship between parental behaviors and child anxiety?

A

No

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39
Q

Was child’s perceived control directly related to both stressful life events and child anxiety?

A

No

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40
Q

What did the study use to assess stressful life events?

A

Parent report

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41
Q

What did the study suggest about the relationship between parenting behaviors and child’s response to stressful life events?

A

If parents aren’t warm and encouraging, the relationship may be different

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42
Q

What did Verhoeven et al. (2012) find in their study on perceptions of parenting behaviors and adolescent AD?

A

Significant association between father’s over-controlling behavior and adolescent AD

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43
Q

According to Verhoeven et al. (2012), which parent could be more important in adolescence?

A

Father

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44
Q

What did Verhoeven et al. (2012) find regarding perceptions of autonomy granting?

A

No significant association with adolescent anxiety

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45
Q

According to Verhoeven et al. (2012), which parenting behavior was associated with adolescent anxiety in fathers only?

A

Rejecting behavior

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46
Q

Did Verhoeven et al. (2012) find consistent associations between parenting behaviors and different diagnoses?

A

No, contribution of parenting behaviors differ

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47
Q

(2011) - What were the findings regarding perceived parental control and adolescent GAD?

A

Higher levels of perceived parental control were associated with a greater increase in adolescent GAD.

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48
Q

What did Schwartz et al. find in their longitudinal studies?

A

Longitudinal studies disagree with the previous findings.

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49
Q

What did McClure et al. find in their study?

A

Parental response not associated with adolescent anxiety

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50
Q

What did McClure et al. find regarding maternal anxiety and adolescent perceptions of control?

A

Maternal anxiety did not predict adolescent perceptions of control

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51
Q

What did Larson et al. find regarding the relationship between maternal anxiety and child anxiety?

A

Perceived parental control not a mediator of the relationship

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52
Q

What did Larson et al. find regarding the contribution of perceived parental control to adolescent anxiety development?

A

Perceived parental control does seem to contribute to anxiety development in adolescence

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53
Q

What did the researchers find about emotional states in early adolescence?

A

Downward shift, more positive than negative emotions

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54
Q

What did the researchers find about reactivity to stressor and positive events?

A

Heightened reactivity in adolescence

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55
Q

What did the researchers find about anxiety in adolescence?

A

Linked to cognitive-affective developments

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56
Q

What modifications should be made to treatment to induce engagement earlier on?

A

Make it more efficient

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57
Q

Why is adolescence considered a period of heightened vulnerability?

A

Disjunctions between developing brain and behavioural/cognitive systems

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58
Q

What is the relationship between anxiety and cognitive/affective development in adolescence?

A

Anxiety affects cognitive and affective development

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59
Q

How does adolescent thinking about moral dilemmas change during adolescence?

A

Becomes more principled

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60
Q

What is the difference between adolescent reasoning about hypothetical dilemmas and real-world problems?

A

Reasoning about real-world problems is not as good

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61
Q

What is the definition of adolescence?

A

Begins with puberty and ends when one has assumed adult roles.

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62
Q

What are some common emotional triggers during adolescence?

A

More time with peers, less with parents, physical changes conflicting with demands of modern society.

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63
Q

What is the motivation for adolescents to seek out and maintain negative emotions?

A

Desire to achieve emotional states.

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64
Q

What are the physiological changes in response to social evaluation and social rejection?

A

Increased reactivity in the amygdala

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65
Q

According to Silvers et al. (2012), how effective is re-appraisal in adolescents compared to children and adults?

A

Less effective

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66
Q

According to Hare et al. (2008), how do adolescents respond to fearful facial expressions compared to children and adults?

A

Initially exaggerated amygdala response

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67
Q

What did Zimmermann & Iwanski (2014) examine?

A

Age differences in 7 emotion regulation strategies

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68
Q

What was the association between the exaggerated response and anxiety measures?

A

Diminished over time

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69
Q

What was the relationship between amygdala and PFC activity?

A

Inverse

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70
Q

What is a term for short-term treatments?

A

eating disorders

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71
Q

What does eating disorders view as?

A

short-term

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72
Q

What is a term for schizophrenia?

A

bipolar

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73
Q

In what other company are early onset mental health disorders predictive of a range of psychological and social impairments in the long-term?

A

Lawrence et al

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74
Q

What does meta-analysis of existing studies show?

A

heterogeneity

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75
Q

What is the average age of a study?

A

mean age below 19yo

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76
Q

Who conducted a systematic review of the existing data for pre-adolescents aged 5-11yo?

A

Yap & Jorm

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77
Q

How old are pre-adolescents?

A

5-11yo

78
Q

What type of evidence can be classified as?

A

sound

79
Q

What was the correlation between modelling of anxiety and child anxiety?

A

0.3

80
Q

What was the correlation between modelling of anxiety and child anxiety based on?

A

cross-sectional studies

81
Q

What were the correlations between autonomy granting and parental overinvolvement and child anxiety?

A

0.291 and 0.254

82
Q

What were the correlations between autonomy granting and parental overinvolvement based on?

A

cross-sectional data

83
Q

What can help improve some parts of the world?

A

family-based interventions that target specific parenting behaviours

84
Q

What is the reason why parents of children with anxiety are more likely to become overinvolved in their child’s life to try and reduce their

A

a maladaptive pattern

85
Q

What is the average age of infants behaviour?

A

12-14mo

86
Q

When was the mother rated as more fearful and avoidance of the stranger?

A

socially anxious

87
Q

High fear infants were more avoidance in what condition?

A

socially anxious

88
Q

What were parents trained to do to provide autonomy?

A

giving open suggestions and not being directive

89
Q

What did not affect observed child anxiety during the task?

A

parental manipulation

90
Q

When children had high trait anxiety, they were rated as more anxious in controlling conditions than what?

A

autonomy promoting conditions

91
Q

What issues did parents try to control for parent self-report on normal autonomy granting?

A

parental self-report issues

92
Q

What kind of comments are made when a mother and a child are both anxious?

A

catastrophising

93
Q

What group found that there were no significant differences in autonomy promotion or warmth based on parent and child anxiety status?

A

Creswell et al

94
Q

What does interacting with a child with an anxiety disorder do?

A

Measured maternal anxiety behaviours

95
Q

What type of disorders were mothers with?

A

anxiety

96
Q

What was the parent’s status when children are anxious?

A

anxiety

97
Q

What is the name of the group that is more likely to model anxiety behaviour to children when they are anxious?

A

Thirlwall et al

98
Q

What type of disorder are children with?

A

anxiety disorder

99
Q

What type of support did parents receive for the intervention?

A

therapist

100
Q

What is not reflective of the child’s experiences?

A

bias reports

101
Q

What type of olescence triggers more depression?

A

AD

102
Q

Who suggested that the environment changes hugely in the shift to adolescents?

A

Larson & Ham

103
Q

What was the number of negative and stressful events in a large US sample of young people and their parents?

A

10yo to 15yo

104
Q

What kind of relationships did a significant amount of this increase occur?

A

peer relationships

105
Q

Who reported more negative events in a sex effect?

A

boys

106
Q

What was found to be the cause of more negative events among boys?

A

sex effect

107
Q

Adolescents are more vulnerable to negative effects of life events than what?

A

pre-adolescents

108
Q

What group experienced much higher rates of negative affect than younger children in the high stress group?

A

Mostly bc

109
Q

How many young people were a victim of bullying?

A

1400

110
Q

What is the reason for the association between ADs and family environment?

A

those who are vulnerable are more likely to be bullied

111
Q

What et al. wrote about anxiety in adolescence?

A

Waite

112
Q

What are environmental changes Waite et al?

A

Anxiety in adolescence

113
Q

What is the focus of the meta-analysis?

A

adolescence

114
Q

What is the most well-explored parenting construct in adolescence?

A

over-involvement

115
Q

What are the findings based on?

A

self-report

116
Q

What is an example of a publication bias in adolescence?

A

Anxiety in adolescence

117
Q

Who were more involved and intrusive when completing difficult cognitive tasks?

A

clinical children and adolescents

118
Q

What was the difference between age and group interaction?

A

no significant age by group interaction

119
Q

What do parents often help to regulate emotions during childhood?

A

re-appraising

120
Q

What do parents do to regulate emotions during childhood?

A

distracting

121
Q

What is the foundation for emotion regulation abilities?

A

EFs

122
Q

When do EFs begin to mature?

A

early adolescence

123
Q

How do adolescents react to an anxiety in adolescence?

A

amber light

124
Q

What type of peer did the participants manipulate?

A

a peer of the same age

125
Q

What was the difference between risk-taking behaviour in adolescents when they were alone?

A

riskier

126
Q

What does social exclusion affect during adolescence?

A

behaviours

127
Q

What is viewed as a great danger during adolescence?

A

social exclusion

128
Q

When does the PFC develop?

A

adolescence

129
Q

What is the age of the participant?

A

the age of the peer

130
Q

What is the risk taking behaviour of adolescents in the presence of an adolescent?

A

adult

131
Q

What review included 88 studies?

A

Cochrane

132
Q

What does CBT lead to?

A

remission of primary anxiety disorder

133
Q

CBT leads to greater remission of primary anxiety disorder compared to what?

A

passive control

134
Q

What type of treatment isn’t as clear as usual?

A

CBT

135
Q

What treatment is used to treat anxiety disorders in adolescents?

A

post-treatment and 3m follow up

136
Q

How many children were involved in the CAMS trial?

A

500

137
Q

What is the name of the trial that included 500 children and adolescents?

A

CAMS trial

138
Q

What age group was the CBT outcome poorer for?

A

older

139
Q

What was some indication that CBT outcomes were worse for those who were older?

A

poor

140
Q

What was associated with ADIS and CGI scores?

A

Age

141
Q

Age was associated with what scores?

A

ADIS and CGI scores

142
Q

What was not measured by treatment condition?

A

CBT

143
Q

What is social anxiety in adolescence?

A

less responsive

144
Q

What type of anxiety does CBT affect?

A

child and adolescent anxiety

145
Q

What was the difference between age and CBT exposure?

A

no

146
Q

What are linked to less positive treatment response to CBT for anxiety?

A

depression and social anxiety

147
Q

Differential outcomes based on age could be masked by what?

A

variation of diagnoses

148
Q

How many studies of treatments for adolescent anxiety have been evaluated?

A

55

149
Q

How old were the participants?

A

under 19yo

150
Q

What did studies that didn’t use?

A

CBT Walkup

151
Q

What is the largest RCT for anxiety treatment?

A

CAMS

152
Q

How long were participants randomly assigned to CBT?

A

12 weeks

153
Q

What type of treatment were participants randomly assigned to?

A

pill placebo

154
Q

What treatment was associated with greater improvements compared to CBT alone and medication alone?

A

Combination

155
Q

What type of treatment did Chu et al use more effectively?

A

placebo

156
Q

What did multilevel growth models use?

A

Measured symptom trajectory

157
Q

What measured symptom trajectory using?

A

multilevel growth models

158
Q

What did adolescents show in early stages compared to children?

A

elss symptom improvement

159
Q

When did early adolescence begin?

A

11yo to 50yo

160
Q

What was found in the use of emotional regulation strategies?

A

developmental changes

161
Q

What is the name of the curve in adaptive emotion regulation and social support seeking?

A

U-shaped curve

162
Q

What did sadness and fear show in the use of self-reports?

A

social desirability and poor introspection

163
Q

What is the median age of onset of social anxiety disorder?

A

13yo

164
Q

How many cases of social anxiety disorder occur before 23yo?

A

90%

165
Q

What is the 3rd most common MH disorder?

A

Social anxiety disorder

166
Q

What is the prevalence of social anxiety disorder?

A

11%

167
Q

What percentage of people with SAD still experience episodes?

A

50-60%

168
Q

What do clinic-seeking individuals with SAD achieve at the end of high school?

A

lower grades

169
Q

The results of broad-based CBT trials were based on what?

A

specific diagnoses

170
Q

What type of disorder was SAD a predictor of poorer outcomes in response to treatments?

A

social anxiety disorder

171
Q

What was the post-CBT recovery rate from primary SAD?

A

35%

172
Q

What is a combination of cognitive techniques?

A

cognitive restructuring

173
Q

What type of exposure did Beidel et et et et et et et et

A

graded exposure

174
Q

What does Social effectiveness therapy include?

A

social skills and exposures

175
Q

What is more behaviourally based, based on theoretical model that SAD is related to social skill deficits?

A

social effectiveness therapy

176
Q

What percentage of SAD recovered from social anxiety over the 12 years from the start of the study?

A

37%

177
Q

From what age did adolescents study longitudinally?

A

14yo until they were 24yo

178
Q

When was Leary released?

A

2001

179
Q

What is related to the idea that people make assumptions about themselves and their social environment?

A

negative broad unconditional beliefs

180
Q

What does negative broad unconditional beliefs lead to?

A

making assumptions about themselves and their social environment

181
Q

What kind of beliefs lead to them making assumptions about themselves and their social environment?

A

negative

182
Q

When was Clark & Wells born?

A

1995

183
Q

What does Leigh & Clark believe they are coming across negatively?

A

safety seeking behaviours

184
Q

What were some studies based on?

A

cross-sectional and observation studies

185
Q

How many questionnaire studies supported negative social attitudes and cognitions?

A

3

186
Q

What does Leigh et et et et et et et et et

A

lack ecological validity

187
Q

When was an experimental study conducted to investigate the role of negative self-imagery on social anxiety?

A

2020

188
Q

What is the role of social anxiety on social anxiety?

A

negative self-imagery

189
Q

What does a negative self-image motivate you to engage in more safety Lab study?

A

lack ecological validity

190
Q

What motivates you to engage in more safety Lab study?

A

negative self-image

CACP (3 decks)

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